Within the context of historical and socio-economic complexities and implications, this study aims to deal with land issues in South Africa, which have been a major point of debate since the middle of the 17th century when the white settlers’ contact with indigenous peoples was formally initiated. Against this background, first, the current study focused on examining the perceptions and practices of peoples concerning the land uses and values in South Africa. Second, it covered the land tenure system during the pre-colonial period as well as the processes of European settlers’ land plunder since the middle of the 17th century. Third, it examined a number of negative aspects of land policy during the Apartheid era (1948-1993). Since the demise of Apartheid system, finally, it explored the ANC-led government land policy from the onset of the post-Apartheid epoch to the present.
Since the 17th century, South Africa was placed into the influence of white minority settlers and the British imperialists, who made the indigenous peoples dominated and degraded with being deprived of land rights. As noted, the history of land in South Africa has been marred by the domination and exploitation caused by the white settlers. This implies that the history of colonial rule and land dispossession should become a focal point of land issues in South Africa.
Once the National Party (NP) supported by the Dutch origins was at the helm of South African government in 1948, the white regime institutionally installed land private tenure rights, which created a fundamental transformation of relationships between the indigenous Bantu peoples and the whites with causing the destructive and harmful situations for the black societies. The Apartheid regime established and implemented legislation for denying the ownership rights of black people. As a result of the enactment of the Native’s Land Act of 1913, the black had to move from their land to the reserved area called Bantustan. Moreover, this caused the distorted land situations in which the white minority only accounting for less than 15% occupied more than 70% of the entire land in South Africa.
After the end of the Apartheid period, the new South African government facilitated the market-led land reform programs. Given the programs sought to correct the injustice of land redistribution, reduce the poverty, contribute to the sustainable uses and development of land and economy and set up a balanced and equitable land tenure rights, they were initially treated as an ambitious and proper approach to the land problems in South Africa. However, the post-Apartheid government has been confronted with a number of difficulties while protecting the legacy of traditional land system. In this context, the various land policies of the post-Apartheid era can be characterized by failure, ambivalence, ambiguity, dilemma and inconsistency. This shows that South Africa has failed to eradicate the old and deep-rooted Apartheid legacy.
Livelihood based on land remains the significant matter for people in both rural and urban areas. In the midst of high rate of unemployment and unstable income conditions, many people in South Africa are placed to rely on land for guaranteeing food security and their sources of income through the agrarian productivity. This means that the government’s land policies and programs for reducing poverty should be treated as one of the primary goals in socioeconomic terms in the post-Apartheid epoch.
Currently, meanwhile, the land reform issues have become more prominent than ever. The issues retain always emotional and symbolical aspects in the national debate for the past and the future. Similarly, some proponents supporting and protecting the indigenous land system have asserted that the system has intrinsically ecological and cultural values beyond the economic benefits. Thus, the government has been demanded of reconsidering the meaning and value of cultural features as well as economic ones in dealing with the land policy. Additionally, the government should provide farmers a substantial access to land which is mainly approached by them for the purpose of making a living. Moreover, some government policies for the future are supposed to protect and enhance the flexibility and freedom of choice for the individual.
Under the circumstances, the main purpose of land reform in South Africa should be highlighted within the equitable land rights and redistribution. The problem is that the South African citizens, particularly Afrikaners who are the large-scale farmers and the Bantu people who are mostly peasant proprietors, tend to have a strong attachment for land. In the post-Apartheid era, South Africa has implemented a multi-faceted program of land reform to address problems of historical dispossession and rural poverty, relying heavily on the principle of ‘willing buyer, willing seller.’ This version of market-led agrarian reform has been influenced by the World Bank but enjoys support from landowners and elements within the ruling ANC committed to maintaining the structure of large-scale, capital-intensive farming.
The focal point of the slow pace of land reform is considered as the potential element of conflict in South Africa. In fact, 18 years since apartheid ended, a derisory 4% of white-owned farmland has been redistributed, mainly bought from white landowners willing to sell at prevailing market prices. The rate of land transfer remains far below official targets which would be expected to take about 60 years to resolve the land disputes. This suggests that it has a potential conflict to be exploded with making little positive impact on livelihoods or on the wider rural economy.

국문요약

제1장 서 론
1. 연구 배경
2. 연구 목적
3. 연구 방법

제2장 남아공 사람들의 토지 인식 및 이용 관행
1. 남아공의 토지와 생활양식
2. 토지에 대한 반투 사회의 인식
3. 반투인의 토지 이용 관행

제3장 토지를 둘러싼 남아공 사람들과 유럽인의 충돌
1. 식민지 시대 이전의 토지 보유 체계
2. 백인의 도래와 토지 문제

제4장 아파르트헤이트 시대(1948~93년)의 토지 정책
1. 1948년부터 1960년대까지의 토지 정책
2. 1970년대부터 1993년까지의 토지 정책

제5장 만델라 정부(1994~99년)의 토지 정책
1. 남아공 사회의 변화와 토지 개혁
2. 토지 개혁 정책의 방향
3. 토지 개혁 상황
4. 토지 개혁 정책의 제 문제

제6장 2000년 이후의 토지 정책
1. 토지 개혁 개관
2. 토지 재분배 정책
3. 토지 반환 및 보상 정책
4. 토지 보유 조건 개혁

제7장 요약 및 결론

제8장 남아공 토지 문제 관련 정책적 제언
1. 남아공 토지 관련 아카이브 구축
2. 남아공 토지 관련 전문가 육성 및 네트워크 구축
3. 남아공 민관과의 ‘지속 가능한 토지 개발’ 협력 모색

참고문헌

부 록: 남아공의 경제 현황

Executive Summary