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  • Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Sustaining the Momentum
    Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Sustaining the Momentum

       The Northeast Asia Economic Forum (NEAEF) is a regional nongovernmental organization created in 1991 to sponsor and facilitate research, networking, and dialogue relevant to the economic and social development of Nort..

    Edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Hyung-Gon Jeong 발간일 2019.12.28

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    Contributors

     

    Introduction and Overview / Lee-Jay Cho


    Remarks from Host Institution, Cooperating Host Institution and Country Representatives
    Welcoming Remarks from Host Institution / Dong Sung Cho
    Welcoming Remarks from Cooperating Host Institution / Ganbold Baasanjav
    Country Representative Remarks: Republic of Korea / Kwan-Young Park
    Country Representative Remarks: China / Fan Xiaoyun
    Country Representative Remarks: United States / Stephen Cowper
    Country Representative Remarks: Japan / Yasuo Tanabe
    Country Representative Remarks: Russia / Pavel Minakir

    Country Representative Remarks: Mongolia / Gankhuyag Sodnom


    Contents


    Part I. Building a Northeast Asia Economic Community and Its Extended Regions
    The Asian Financial Cooperation Association (AFCA) / Wang Guoping
    Northeast Asia Economic Community Formation and Russia’s Input / Sergei Sevastianov


    Part II. Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia
    Talking to North Korea / Glyn Ford
    The North Korean Economy and Special Economic Zones / Anthony Michell


    Part III. Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia
    Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia / Yutaka Funada
    Should a Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development Include Financing for the Arctic? / Mead Treadwell
    Some Considerations in Establishing the NEABCD / Jai-Min Lee
    Understanding the World, Understanding the Region, and Understanding Financial Cooperation / Fan Xiaoyun


    Part IV. Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia
    Comments on Energy Technology and Policy Trajectories / Terry Surles
    State of Renewable Energy and Planning of Cross-Border Transmission in Northeast Asia / Yoshiki Iinuma
    Northeast Asia Power Interconnection and Cooperation / Sung Eun Kim
    Improving Grid and Community Resiliency Using Advanced Microgrids with Distributed Generation / Mike Hightower
    The ‘Carbon Free Island’ Plan / Hesub Rho


    Part V. Tourism Cooperation in Northeast Asia
    Integrated Resorts Overview: Summary of Presentations by Khalil Philander and Ray Cho / Ray Cho
    Medical and Cultural Tourism Overview: Summary of Presentations by Ki-Eun Jung and Zhu Jipeng / Ray Cho
    Efforts to Establish an International Ferry Service for Northeast Asia Tourism Development / Ikuo Mitsuhashi
     

    국문요약

       The Northeast Asia Economic Forum (NEAEF) is a regional nongovernmental organization created in 1991 to sponsor and facilitate research, networking, and dialogue relevant to the economic and social development of Northeast Asia. NEAEF is also committed to promoting understanding and relations among the peoples of Northeast Asia, North America, and Europe.
       NEAEF’s main objective is to conduct research and conference activities aimed at functional economic cooperation such as cross-border energy, transportation and logistics infrastructure development, and capital mobilization. NEAEF holds annual conferences, workshops, and seminars for planning, facilitating, coordinating, and implementing international and interdisciplinary solutions to common policy problems. It is the only nongovernmental regional organization in which all the nations of Northeast Asia and the United States are consistent and active participants.
       Over the years, NEAEF has been promoting regional economic cooperation and integration in Northeast Asia aimed at building a Northeast Asia Economic Community. Despite some interruptions, there has been significant progress among the countries in the region except for North Korea (DPRK), which has been the critical gap in an otherwise productive network of dynamic regional economic growth.
       After alarming political tensions resulting from a series of nuclear and missiles tests by North Korea, a dramatic change took place last year in the historic summit between US President Donald Trump and North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un, providing the Northeast Asia region with both challenges and opportunities for minimizing the risk of military confrontation and war. This year, however, the prospect for rapid progress in the de-nuclearization of DPRK has considerably slowed due to subsequent summits and meetings which were not so successful.
       In this context, nevertheless, NEAEF continued its effort began in 1991, toward peace and economic cooperation in Northeast Asia by implementing conference and meeting activities in 2019. These activities are aimed at regional economic integration and thus prepare a meaningful basis and foundation for a potential next step in realizing the goal of building a Northeast Asia Economic Community.
       As in previous years, NEAEF is continuing to fulfill the need for timely and forward-looking research and meetings by focusing on  critical issues, such as 1) discussion and emphasis on connectivity in cross-border infrastructure developments involving North Korea as an integral part of a broader regional economic community in Northeast Asia, and 2) establishment of the proposed Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development (NEABCD). NEAEF has over the years developed a more cohesive basis for a strong network for functional economic cooperation through regular discussions and consultations among stakeholder country experts.
       For the year 2019, the NEAEF, in collaboration with KIEP, focused on the following topics:
       ● Building a Northeast Asia Economic Community and Its Extended Regions
       ● Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia
       ● Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia
       ● Tourism Cooperation in Northeast Asia
       ● Financial Cooperation and the proposed development bank for  Northeast Asia
       Annual Conference and Meeting Activities:The Planning Meeting for Regional Cooperation and Strategies for a Northeast Asia Economic Community
       The meeting was held during 21-23 April 2019 in Honolulu, Hawaii, and was organized in collaboration with KIEP and the University of Hawai‘i College of Social Sciences. The plan for major meeting activities was reviewed and discussed: 1. Ad-Hoc Group Meeting on Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia Stake Holder Countries of China, Japan, and Korea on June 14th, 2019, in Osaka, Japan; 2. The 28th Annual Northeast Asia Economic Forum; and 3. Young Leaders’ Training Program (YLP).
       At the planning meeting, participants agreed that the conference in 2019 will focus on strengthening  functional economic cooperation among the principal stakeholder countries of China, Japan and Korea, and will cover broad as well as specific, topics such as cross-border infrastructure and development and trade, a regional financial institution in Northeast Asia, aimed at a future Northeast Asia Economic Community. The topics will include:
       1. Discussion of relevant issues that will provide the basic foundation for a future Northeast Asian Economic Community
       2. Examination of current issues in functional economic cooperation in the Northeast Asian region by the countries of Northeast Asia and particularly, the stakeholder countries, China, Japan and Korea, in the context of future financial cooperation through the proposed Northeast Asia Development Bank (NEABCD)
       3. Providing wider perspectives from North America, Russia and Mongolia on the Korean Peninsula for future economic cooperation through a regional financial mechanism
       NEAEF, with support from the Freeman Foundation, has been conducting its annual Young Leaders Training and Research Program in Regional Cooperation and Development since 2006. NEAEF is planning to conduct its 14th Young Leaders Program (YLP) from July 28 to August 10, 2019 in collaboration with UNESCAP/NEA and Incheon National University.
       The Ad Hoc Group Meeting on Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia & Pre-G20 Planning Meeting on Establishing a Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development: Summary
       1. Update on Current Situation in Japan
       Maeda Tadashi explained that the independent study group led by Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi and other key experts on the Korean peninsula consolidated their works into a proposal and summited it to Yoshihide Suga, the chief cabinet secretary of Japan. Mr. Maeda discussed the building block approach for economic cooperation in Northeast Asia and added that the blocks should be put together by the hands of the leaders of the region. Japan has changed its skeptical posture to one prepared for financial cooperation in Northeast Asia.
       Referring to the “America First” slogan and Brexit, he observed that this trend toward fragmentation of the world will lead to the US and UK losing influence, but it will make the discussion on integration in Northeast Asia more meaningful. He also described the Northeast Asia region as a missing link in terms of economic cooperation. North Korea is the major concern in the region and the Japanese government’s position has been that solving three things—denuclearization, the abduction issue, and missiles—must come first in order to normalize diplomatic relations. In this context, Mr. Maeda said that the discussion on financial cooperation in Northeast Asia and establishment of the NEABCD would be useful to prepare an institutional framework for the region, and eventually for North Korea. He concluded that this Osaka meeting could contribute to exploring ways to improve the serious deadlock between Japan and South Korea.
       2. Chinese Perspective
       Fan Xiaoyun, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and professor & associate dean of Nankai University, briefly explained the continuous efforts of Nankai University in researching financial cooperation in Northeast Asia and emphasized that cooperation is the best way to overcome the challenges that the region is facing now. Like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the “Belt and Road” initiative, cooperation is the necessary path for economic development in the long run, especially for the Northeast Asian region because of complicated geopolitical matters. The region needs the NEABCD as a platform for regional cooperation and economic integration through the support of cross-border infrastructure projects. For cooperation within the region, she suggested four things: 1. the establishment of a cooperation mechanism for local governments of China, Japan, and Korea; 2. the establishment of a joint education and research base; 3. the initiation of an official communication mechanism; and 4. further financial cooperation beyond the NEABCD.
       Ming Liu, associate professor of Nankai University, added further information on China’s situation regarding the establishment of the NEABCD. As a channel to solve the trade conflict between China and the US, China wants to reinforce the trade relationship with Japan and Korea. Referring to the words of Mr. Zhou Xiaochuan, a former president of the Central Bank of China, China is making an effort to increase governance transparency and reduce trade subsidies. He mentioned that we should keep an optimistic view on Northeast Asia’s future. Moreover, the NEABCD and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) could coexist and enhance communication between the governments of China, Japan, and Korea is necessary. Regarding the North Korea issue, he noted that interests could be united under the same channel: infrastructure.
       3. US Perspective
       Mead Treadwell, former lieutenant governor of the State of Alaska, has been working with the Arctic nations, including Japan, Korea, China, and Singapore regarding the Arctic Circle based on the argument that the arctic can do nothing without these partner countries. He explained the potential roles of the Arctic region: feed the world, fuel the world, provision the world, protect the world, connect the world, inspire the world, and the fact that these activities are directly linked to the markets in Asia. While the Arctic is deficient in infrastructure, traditional development banking is less likely because most Arctic nations are typically donor nations. As an alternative, he suggested cooperative financing mechanisms on global infrastructure, energy, and mineral projects, and gave three illustrative examples of cooperative financing mechanisms: Cooperative Arctic Seaways, LNG export from the Arctic, and Rail connection between Alaska and Canada. The development of infrastructure in the Arctic area is directly tied to Northeast Asia and there has been effort to make sure that Asia is included in the Arctic Circle by encouraging the study group in the Japanese Diet and actively supporting cooperation in research. He concluded that it would be difficult to discuss the idea of developing a new regional bank for cooperation without understanding the Arctic.
       4. Korean Perspective
       Jae-Hyung Hong, the former deputy prime minister of the Republic of Korea, emphasized that it is time for Northeast Asian countries to make every effort to prevent current turbulence in the region and there are two key issues that are heightening the tension within Northeast Asia: the US-China trade war and no improvement in North Korea’s denuclearization. The G20 summit in Osaka will be important to ease current tensions and must adopt a declaration of maintaining free trade while avoiding self-defeating protectionism. Mr. Hong reiterated the importance of creating the NEABCD and suggested that member countries should work together to prepare for economic aid for North Korea to ease tensions and eventually facilitate North Korea’s economic normalization.
       Jai-Min Lee, professor of Korea Maritime University and the former vice president of the Korea Export-Import Bank, pointed out that it became more difficult to put the NEADB issue on the government negotiation table between South Korea, Japan, and China because of the unfavorable political environment around the region. However, two suggestions were made as the region should keep preparing for the establishment of the NEADB with the expectation that the NEA situation will improve. The first suggestion was to initiate multinational research on the NEADB framework, and the second was to launch a financial cooperation council between the national banks: JBIC of Japan and Exim banks of Korea and China, based on past experience of cooperation between the three banks.
       5. European Perspective
       Glyn Ford, the director of Track2Asia, explained the current political situation and the role of the European Union. He insisted that it is obvious that things have been changed since the Hanoi summit and the only way to proceed is for both the United States and North Korea to build a multilateral framework within which they cooperate, referring to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the Iran deal, and the infrastructure program for North Korea. He also mentioned that the EU showed a willingness to engage regarding the North Korea issue in terms of providing technical expertise and investment; reference was made to the speech at the Shangri-La Dialogue by Federica Mogherini, high representative of the Union for foreign affairs and security policy.
       In the panel discussion, Tae Soo Kang, senior research fellow at KIEP and the former deputy governor of the Bank of Korea, shared his thoughts on the establishment of NEABCD, on differences between NEABCD and the existing development banks with respect North Korea’s access, and how the NEADB might be one way to approach the North Korea problem.
       Maeda Tadashi pointed out that this issue of NEABCD has arisen because of the shortcomings of the existing Asian Development Bank (ADB) in terms of dealing with the problems that Northeast Asia is facing. He also outlined his idea on the NEABCD dealing with cross-border infrastructure projects like the Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI). Regarding the concept of NEABCD, it was proposed that not only central governments, but also provincial, municipal governments should be part of it in order to solve the problem of income gap between metropolitan and local areas within one country. Moreover, the starting point for the building block approach is cooperation between China and Japan, as this bilateral relationship is improving.
       Ming Liu explained that a new type of development bank will benefit not only developing countries, but also developed countries like Japan and Korea.
       Mead Treadwell recommended that the Northeast Asia area be described as a significant strategic opportunity, similar to what Alaska has done to convince global investors that the Arctic should be viewed as an emerging market with better than average returns. He emphasized the need to provide a better macroeconomic snapshot. He also mentioned that North Korea is an obvious special case, but that we should proceed as if it is not the lynchpin.
       The 28th Annual Conference of the Northeast Asia Economic Forum
       The 28th Annual Conference of the Northeast Asia Economic Forum (NEAEF) was held in Incheon, Republic of Korea during August 7-10, 2019. It was hosted by Incheon National University, in cooperation with University of Hawaii College of Social Sciences, UN ESCAP-NEA, and others. Leaders and experts from China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, the Republic of Korea, the United States, Canada, and the European Union gathered to advance the NEAEF mission of promoting economic cooperation and peace in Northeast Asia. The 2019 annual conference addressed the increased importance of continuing dialogue and cooperation in the region in light of additional indications of interest in North Korea and new infrastructure developments that carry the opportunity for supporting the integration and development of Northeast Asia, the significant role of financial cooperation in terms of a regional multilateral development bank, tourism cooperation, and energy and the environment. The wide range of topics highlights the vast potentia   l for cooperation in Northeast Asia and made for this year’s engaging conference.
       The conference was officially opened by Lee-Jay Cho, Chairman of the NEAEF, who warmly welcomed the distinguished guests and participants and thanked the host institution, Incheon National University, and NEAEF’s partner organizations for making the conference possible. He extended special appreciation to UN ESCAP-ENEA for hosting and providing the venue for the 2019 Young Leaders Program (YLP) at its offices, in most accommodating settings that greatly facilitated the YLP.
       Welcoming remarks were made on behalf of the host institution by Dong-Sung Cho, president of Incheon National University. This was followed by remarks from the cooperating host institution, the UN ESCAP-ENEA made by Ganbold Baasanjav, head of office, UN ESCAP-ENEA and former ambassador of Mongolia to the Republic of Korea. Remarks were then made by the country representatives: Park Kwan-Young, former speaker of the National Assembly, Republic of Korea and president of the National Development Institute; Fan Xiaoyun, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Conference, professor and associate dean, School of Finance, Nankai University—on behalf of Wang Shuzu, former vice mayor, Tianjin Municipal Government; Stephen Cowper, former governor of Alaska; Tanabe Yasuo, special representative for external relations, Hitachi, Ltd.; Pavel Minakir, academician and president, Economic Research Institute, Far East Branch, Russia Academy of Sciences; and S. Gankhuyag, ambassador and director, Investment Research Center, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. All speakers were grateful for NEAEF’s essential role in working to meet the common aspirations of the countries of Northeast Asia for regional economic development and expressed enthusiasm for another successful conference.
       In the first session, the main theme of the conference “Building a Northeast Asia Economic Community and Its Extended Regions” was discussed. While acknowledging the difficulties created by recent regional disputes and the China-U.S. trade war, Wang Guoping examined new prospects for regional cooperation and benefits from infrastructure development complementary to the Northeast Asia region begun by the Belt and Road Initiative. Sergei Sevastianov then gave a presentation on developments in the Russian Far East that created prospects for increased transportation capabilities through a Northern Sea Route and continued interest in the creation of bilateral and trilateral energy transportation corridors. Following these presentations, an expert committee held an engaging question-and-answer session among themselves and with distinguished members of the audience. Discussions noted that historical and current tensions in the region could be overcome in the same manner as was done in the European Union, the increased interest on the part of North Korea in the Northeast Asia region, and the important role of a NEABCD to promote transportation links in the countries of Northeast Asia.
       The second session focused on “Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia.” Glyn Ford and Anthony Michell, both with personal experience in North Korea, commented on the state of affairs in the country. North Korea desires to grow its economy, with a future possibility of cooperation with South Korea. Incremental steps will be needed, through negotiations, to establish trust and a path forward for the regional integration of North Korea. International sanctions will continue to be an impediment and Korea’s denuclearization of the peninsula is a process that will take many years.
       Session three addressed the topic of “Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia.” An international panel of speakers composed of Yutaka Funada, Mead Treadwell, Jai-Min Lee, Fan Xiaoyun, Jae-Hyung Hong, Liu Lanbiao, and Liu Ming presented a number of promising avenues that are emerging in the region, including, for example, Arctic trade routes, developments in the liquid natural gas industry, and infrastructure projects that would be facilitated by cooperation within the region and bring in the support of other actors such as the United States and the European Union. The speakers discussed the continued importance of the NEABCD to facilitate cooperation and economic development amidst the political conflicts. Suggestions for the project included increased multilateral research and planning between the stake holder countries of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. Additionally, private sector involvement could reduce reliance on public institutions, which would help the Bank operate even in times of political turmoil. These suggestions will help the region work towards the goals of free trade and improving political relations. A concurring opinion was that the Bank could look into current methods employed by the World Bank, such as the “cascade strategy,” which seeks to increase private investment and “crowd-in” businesses by making upstream legislative and policy changes to political and financial frameworks in developing regions.
       The fourth session was dedicated to “Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia.” A dynamic panel of speakers—Rho Hesub, Terry Surles, Iinuma Yoshiki, Sung Eun Kim, and Mike Hightower—presented on energy solutions. such as wind energy, solar energy, and the use of micro grids for increased energy security. These avenues have been made possible through multilateral collaboration, advancements in technology, and the promising economic potential of new energy solutions. Because the environment is a shared resource, panelists stressed the importance of cooperation within the region and with other nations, such as the United States. The example of Jeju Island’s environmental sustainability goals was presented, including its “Carbon Free Island” plan, with the goal of being a 100% renewable energy economy with a 75% use of electric cars on the island by 2030, primarily through the use of wind power, managed as a public resource.
       Panelists also discussed increased accessibility to renewable energy across Northeast Asia, with a special focus on wind energy in China and solar energy in Japan. These changes increase security, safety, resiliency, and sustainability, which panelists concurred was more pressing now than ever due to the increased frequency and severity of natural events due to climate change. Finally, the Energy Session discussed meeting supply and demand in a renewable energy market with the incorporation of micro grids in areas subject to natural disaster to provide restoration of needed services to the impacted community. Our future commitments to renewable energy sources within the Northeast Asia region will help assure not only stronger economies, but also a stronger international community.
       Session five, devoted to tourism cooperation in Northeast Asia, examined a wide range of tourism opportunities in Northeast Asia in presentations by Ray Cho, Khalil Philander, Ikuo Mitsuhashi, Ki-Eun Jung, and Zhu Jipeng. The tourism industry in Northeast Asia is anticipated to surpass many existing industries in the near future and will be a key driver for future economic development. Integrated resorts, a new ferry service, and medical tourism were presented as prospective future tourism developments in the region. Three licenses will be awarded for the construction of integrated resorts in Japan. Integrated resorts will include facilities to let visitors experience traditional, cultural, and artistic aspects of Japan. The ferry service is an opportunity for international tourism in Northeast Asia, linking areas in China, Korea, Russia, and Japan. The development of medical tourism provides surgical, traditional, esthetic, and recuperative procedures at the best facilities, with specialists in the area, during an extended and comfortable stay allowing for exploration of the local culture. The culture and tourism industry already plays an important role in Northeast Asia and will continue to grow in this capacity.
       Northeast Asia is a complex region with its fair share of tensions, but this year’s conference embodied a sense of optimism and possibility for cooperation. With continued dedication, clearly greater functional economic cooperation in our region can be realized. The 2019 Conference demonstrated further progress towards the NEAEF goals of promoting understanding and relations among the peoples of Northeast Asia, North America, and Europe.
       Conclusion
       The Northeast Asia Economic Forum has for three decades engaged in the mission and goal of promoting economic cooperation, peace, and prosperity in Northeast Asia with its linkages to North America and Europe. Northeast Asia, endowed with abundant natural and human resources and complemented by capital and technology, is a complex region with a long history of conflicts and tension, and at the same time, also a region of shared cultural affinity.
       This year’s meeting activities, the Annual Conference and ad hoc financial meeting, embodied a sense of long-term optimism and possibility for cooperation for the future, in spite of the constantly shifting political atmosphere in the region. This project, more broadly, has continued to make important contributions in response to changing international situations through timely and necessary research, conferences, meetings, and consultations on regional economic cooperation and integration in Northeast Asia.
       With continued dedication, we believe that greater functional economic cooperation in our region can be realized. To achieve our ultimate goal of developing a Northeast Asia Economic Community, it is absolutely necessary for NEAEF to sustain its effort and momentum and to continue to strive towards the goal of regional development, peace, and prosperity.
       This volume entitled Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Sustaining the Momentum, is the result of our ongoing activities, namely, the ad hoc finance meeting in Osaka, Japan in 2019 and the NEAEF annual conference in Incheon, Republic of Korea, held with a view to developing an economic community for Northeast Asia, one of the most dynamic regions of the world.
       The contents of this volume provide pertinent references and an important basis for further discussion and consideration by government policymakers and researchers in Northeast Asia. The volume also represents an important step in our continuous efforts toward regional economic cooperation and integration aimed at a Northeast Asian Economic Community.

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  • Momentum for Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Emerging Challenges ..
    Momentum for Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Emerging Challenges ..

       한국, 중국, 러시아 등 세계 주요국이 포함되어 있는 동북아시아는 고립된 북한을 비롯한 역내 정치·외교 관계의 불안정성으로 높게 평가되고 있는 경제발전 잠재력이 실현되지 못하고 있는 지역이다. 다만 2018년 6월에 성사된 북미..

    조이제 외 발간일 2018.12.28

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    Preface


    Contributors


    Introduction and Overview
         Lee-Jay Cho


    Statements by Country Representatives and Keynote Address

      Country Representative Statement: South Korea
         Kwan-Young Park

      Country Representative Statement: China
         Wang Shuzu

      Country Representative Statement: United States
         George Ariyoshi

      Country Representative Statement: Russia
         Pavel Minakir

      Country Representative Statement: Mongolia
         Ganbold Baasanjav

      Keynote Address
         Nikai Toshihiro


    Part I. Building a Northeast Asia Economic Community and Its Extended Regions

      Promoting International Cooperation in Industrial Finance, Propelling High-quality Development of an Asian Economy
         Zhao Xianfeng

      Northeast Asia Economic Community Formation and the Role of the Russian Far East
         Sergei Sevastianov


    Part II. Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia

      Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia: Politically Holding Hands and Economically Going Underground
         Anthony Michell

      Logistic Connectivity for Northeast Asia
         Inoue Satoshi

      Cross-border Infrastructure in Northeast Asia: Transport and Energy
         Sangmin Nam


    Part III. Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia

      Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Current Trends and Opportunities
         Maeda Tadashi

      A Review of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
         Stanley Katz

      Establishment of the NEADB to Support North Korea’s Economic Development
         Jai-Min Lee


    Part IV. Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia

      Trends in Energy Transformation and Policy
         Iinuma Yoshiki

      Perspective from the United States: Update on US Energy Policy and Technology
         Terry Surles

      Perspective from Korea: New Paradigm for Korean Energy Transition and Policy
         Haksik Yoo

      Perspective from Japan: Energy Trends and Policy and Northeast Asia Cooperation
         Tanabe Yasuo


    Part V. Tourism Cooperation in Northeast Asia

      Border Tourism in Northeast Asia
         Iwashita Akihiro

      Increasing Tourism through Integrated Resorts—Tourism and Gaming in Northeast Asia
         S. Ray Cho and Brendan Bussmann

      Current Status and Challenges of Japan’s Inbound Tourism Boom: Evidence from Japan’s City-level Data
         Konishi Yoko

      Latest Market Trends: Visitors to Japan
         Tsuboi Yasukiro


    Part VI. Panel Discussion on Natural Disaster and Regional Cooperation

      Summary of Panel Discussion on Natural Disaster and Regional Cooperation


    Part VII. The Honolulu Ad Hoc Group Meeting on Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Proposal for the Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development (NEABCD) Revisited

      Review of Current Situation and Recent Developments in Northeast Asia Regional Cooperation Relevant to Financial Cooperation Opening Remarks
         Kwan Yong Park

      Recent Developments and NEABCD
         Stanley Katz

      Perspective from Japan
         Maeda Tadashi

      Perspective from Korea
         Jae Hyung Hong

      Perspective from China
         Liu Ming and Zhang Jianping

      Perspective from the United States
         Mead Treadwell

      Commentary
         Inessa Love


    Role and Justification: Why Is the NEABCD Necessary to Meet NEA Financing and Technical Assistance Needs?

      Overview 
         Lee-Jay Cho and Stanley Katz

      A Review of the Ad Hoc Committee on the NEABCD and the Brief on the Establishment of the NEABCD
         Liu Ming

      Recommendations of the Study on the Establishment of the Northeast Asian Development Bank: The Tokyo Foundation Draft
         Chiba Yasuhiro

      Update on Northeast China and Efforts Toward an NEABCD
         Liu Lanbiao


      Strategies, Future Plans, and Activities Establishment of the NEADB to Support North Korea’s Economic Development
         Jai-Min Lee

      Promoting the Northeast Asia Development Bank
         Zou Lixing

      Promoting Financial Cooperation  in Northeast Asia
         Li Zheguang

      The NEADB: Securing the Attention of the United States
         Mead Treadwell

      The NEADB: Considerations and Recommendations for Energy
         Terry Surles


    Appendices 

    국문요약

       한국, 중국, 러시아 등 세계 주요국이 포함되어 있는 동북아시아는 고립된 북한을 비롯한 역내 정치·외교 관계의 불안정성으로 높게 평가되고 있는 경제발전 잠재력이 실현되지 못하고 있는 지역이다. 다만 2018년 6월에 성사된 북미 정상회담을 시작으로 한반도와 동북아 정세에 급격한 변화가 있는 가운데 역내 공동의 평화와 번영을 위한 협력방안 모색을 위한 노력이 긴요한 시점이다.
       이에 KIEP-NEAEF는 동북아 경제공동체 추진을 위해 북한을 포함한 동북아 국경간 인프라 연계성 증진 및 한반도 경제협력 및 통합을 위한 동북아개발은행 설립의 주제에 초점을 맞춰 관련 논의 및 연구를 지속하였다. 본 세미나 자료집은 수십 년간 쌓아온 NEAEF의 네트워크를 기반으로 한 2018년 세미나 논의현황 및 주요 연구결과를 정리한 것이다. 

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  • Sustaining the Momentum for Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community
    Sustaining the Momentum for Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community

      2017년 북한의 핵실험과 미사일 실험발사는 동북아의 안보를 심각히 저해하는 행위였으며, 한중일간 군사, 외교, 영토, 역사 문제등으로 인한 갈등 역시 과거 어느때 보다도 첨예하게 대립된 한 해였다. 이 가운데 지난 수십년간의 역내 경제..

    조이제 외 발간일 2017.12.27

    경제개발, 경제통합
    원문보기
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    Preface


    Contributors


    Introduction and Overview
    Lee-Jay Cho


    Statements by Country Representatives


    Part I. China’s Economic Development and Northeast Asia Regional Cooperation in the Context of the Road and Belt Initiative


    Part II. Future Tourism Cooperation in Northeast Asia


    Part III: Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia


    Part IV: Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community and Its Extended Regions


    Part V: Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia


    Part VI: Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia


    Appendix: Hong Kong Statement and Agenda
     

    국문요약

      2017년 북한의 핵실험과 미사일 실험발사는 동북아의 안보를 심각히 저해하는 행위였으며, 한중일간 군사, 외교, 영토, 역사 문제등으로 인한 갈등 역시 과거 어느때 보다도 첨예하게 대립된 한 해였다. 이 가운데 지난 수십년간의 역내 경제협력과 경제통합 측면에서의 실질적 진전은 고조되는 동북아의 군사, 외교적 위기를 억제하는데 큰 기여를 한것으로 평가된다. NEAEF는 한반도와 동북아를 둘러싼 역내 정치 ·외교적 마찰을 완화하고 평화와 번영을 증진하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 국경간 경제협력을 주제로 공동연구를 오랫동안 추진해왔다. 본보고서는 수십 년간 쌓아온 NEAEF의 네트워크를 기반으로 미래 동북아경제공동체 구축을 위한 전략 마련을 목적으로 2017년의 활동 및 주요 연구결과를 정리하였다. 

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  • Consensus Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community
    Consensus Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community

      2016 년은 동북아 경제공동체 형성에 있어서 새로운 도전과제들이 제기된 해이다. 유럽 브렉시트 사건이 있었으며, 미국 대선과정에서는 보호주의 기조가 두드러졌다. 또한 북한의 핵실험과 이에 대응한 제재조치들로 역내 정치적 불안정성이..

    조이제 외 발간일 2016.12.30

    경제통합, 경제협력
    원문보기
    목차

    Preface


    Contributors


    Introduction and Overview
    Cho Lee-Jay and Lee Chang Jae


    Statements by Hosts and Country Representatives

     

    Part I. Jilin Province’s Economic Development and Northeast Asia Regional Cooperation in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative


    Part II. Cross-Border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia


    Part III. Future Tourism Cooperation in Northeast Asia


    Part IV. Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community


    Part V. Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia


    Part VI. Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia


    Appendix 

    국문요약

      2016 년은 동북아 경제공동체 형성에 있어서 새로운 도전과제들이 제기된 해이다. 유럽 브렉시트 사건이 있었으며, 미국 대선과정에서는 보호주의 기조가 두드러졌다. 또한 북한의 핵실험과 이에 대응한 제재조치들로 역내 정치적 불안정성이 고조되었다. 한편 역내 협력증진에 긍정적인 움직임도 있었다. 한중일 FTA 협상이 꾸준히 진행되었으며, 상호 연계성 증진을 목적으로 하는 중국의 일대일로 전략과 한국의 유라시아 이니셔티브도 재확인되었다.
      동북아 연계성 증진을 뒷받침할 자금지원 논의도 지속되었다. 중국 주도의 아시아 인프라 투자은행(AIIB)이 추진되고 있는 현 시점에서 동북아개발은행은 이를 보완하는 동북아 역내 프로젝트를 위한 금융협력 방안이 될 수 있다.
      이러한 도전과 기회가 상존하는 가운데 본고는 지역무역, 에너지, 교통·물류 인프라 개발 등 기능적 역내 경제협력에 초점을 둔 2016년 주요 연구결과를 정리한 것이다.

    <
  • 2015 Trans-Pacific Intellectual Dialogue
    2015 Trans-Pacific Intellectual Dialogue

    KIEP와 하와이 EWC(East-West Center)는 2015 Trans-Pacific Intellectual Dialogue 주제 하에 국제세미나를 공동개최한 바 있으며, 한·중·일·미 4개국 전문가들이 모여 북태평양 지역 국가의 거시경제와 경제통합의 현황 및 전망에 대해 토론하..

    정철 외 발간일 2016.12.30

    경제관계, 경제협력
    원문보기
    목차

    Contributors


    Introduction and Overview

    Mark Thoma


    Session 1 Trade


    China’s Emerging Trade Strategy: Drivers, Influence and Implications for North Pacific Economic Cooperation

    Yong Wang


    1. Key Drivers of Change in China’s Trade Policy
    2. China’s Emerging Trade Policy
    3. Why will China Embrace Higher Standard FTAs?
    4. Integrate the Belt and Road Initiative and AIIB into China’s Trade Policy
    5. Implications for the Global Trade Order and North Pacific Economic Cooperation
    References


    China’s Belt-Road Initiative and Korea’s Eurasia Initiative

    Inkyo Cheong


    1. Introduction on Korea’s Eurasia Initiative
    2. China’s Belt-Road Initiative
    3. Korea’s Nordpolitik and Recent Performance of its Eurasia Initiative
    4. Conclusion and Policy Implications


    The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement High Diplomacy and Low (Domestic) Politics

    Claude Barfield


    1. Broad Themes and Analytic Frameworks
    2. Security/Diplomatic Rationale of Trade Policy
    3. The Low Domestic Politics of Trade: Who Wins and Who Loses
    4. The Political Problem Areas
    5. Concluding Observations


    Trade

    Comments by Taeho Bark


    Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation
    Comments by Theresa Greaney

     

    Session 2 Macroeconomic Perspectives


    Global Economic Problems and Emerging Market Economies’ Macroeconomic Policies

    Inchul Kim


    1. Introduction 102
    2. Global Economic Environment 103
    3. Analysis of Global Economic Problems 104
    4. Macroeconomic Policies for EMEs 109
    5. Conclusion 113


    References 114
    Economic Conditions in the US and the Uncertain Prospects for Future Economic Growth

    Mark Thoma


    1. Introduction
    2. The Current State of the US Economy
    3. Forecast for GDP
    4. Risks to Growth
    5. Conclusion


    References


    China’s New Economic Norms

    Yijiang Wang


    1. Introduction
    2. The Slowdown
    3. Features of the New Economy
    4. Concluding Remarks


    The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Struggle for the East Asian International Order

    Ming Wan


    1. Introduction
    2. The AIIB as an International Financial Institution
    3. The AIIB and International Order
    4. The AIIB and China
    5. Recommendation


    Macroeconomic Perspectives for Developed and Emerging Economies

    Comments by Michael J. Roberts


    1. Introduction
    2. Emerging Economies
    3. China 200
    4. The United States


    Macroeconomic Perspectives

    Comments by Yoon Je Cho


    1. Secular Stagnation
    2. China’s Economic Slowdown
    3. The Inclusion of RMB in the SDR Basket

    Session 3 Finance


    Strategies for Currency Convertibility: Korea’s Perspectives

    Jang Yung Lee


    1. Definition and Accepted Wisdom
    2. Benefits and Costs of Convertibility
    3. Strategies for Currency Convertibility
    4. Countries’ Experiences of Convertibility
    5. Conclusion and Policy Suggestions
    References


    Unconventional Monetary Policy, Spillovers, and Liftoff: Implications for Northeast Asia

    Marcus Noland


    1. Introduction
    2. How We Got Here
    3. Spillovers
    4. Liftoff
    5. Conclusions
    References


    Exploration of the Prospect of Cooperation between Belt and Road Initiative and TPP in Global Economic Governance

    Xiaotong Shan


    1. Development Philosophy and Cooperation Approach of Belt and Road Initiative
    2. BRI’s Implications for the Global Economy
    3. Comparison of Similarities and Differences between the Belt and Road Initiative and TPP
    4. Cooperation between the Belt and Road Initiative and TPP for Global Economic Integration
    5. Mutual Learning between the Belt and Road Initiative and TPP
    6. A Preliminary Study on Cooperation between the Belt and Road Initiative and TPP
    7. Conclusion
    References


    Finance Issues

    Comments by Baybars Karacaovali


    Session 4 Major Findings and Policy Implications


    Monetary Policy Response in Emerging Economies and North Pacific Cooperation

    Il Houng Lee


    1. Introduction
    2. Capital Flows and Impact on Emerging Markets
    3. Not Always an Efficient Allocation of Capital Across Borders
    4. Synchronization of Interest Rates
    5. Unsynchronized Business Cycles
    6. Overcoming the Limitations of Monetary Policy
    7. Capital Flow Measures
    8. Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation


    Major Findings and Policy Implications

    Comments by Taeho Bark


    Conference Program
    Program
    Participants 

    국문요약

    KIEP와 하와이 EWC(East-West Center)는 2015 Trans-Pacific Intellectual Dialogue 주제 하에 국제세미나를 공동개최한 바 있으며, 한·중·일·미 4개국 전문가들이 모여 북태평양 지역 국가의 거시경제와 경제통합의 현황 및 전망에 대해 토론하고, 무역과 통화정책에 대해 논의함으로써 지역경제의 안정과 발전을 위한 다각적 협력방안을 모색하였습니다.
     

    <
  • Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community
    Building a Northeast Asian Economic Community

    한국, 중국, 일본 등 세계 주요국이 포함된 동북아 지역내 경제공동체 형성에 필요한 기본적 여건이 형성되기 시작하였다. 한중 FTA는 2012년 5월 제1차 협상 이후 2015년 12월 20일 공식 발효되었으며 한중일 FTA 또한 2015년 12월까지 총 9차례의..

    조이제 외 발간일 2015.12.30

    경제개발, 경제통합
    원문보기
    목차

     

    국문요약

    한국, 중국, 일본 등 세계 주요국이 포함된 동북아 지역내 경제공동체 형성에 필요한 기본적 여건이 형성되기 시작하였다. 한중 FTA는 2012년 5월 제1차 협상 이후 2015년 12월 20일 공식 발효되었으며 한중일 FTA 또한 2015년 12월까지 총 9차례의 협상이 진행되고 있다. 역내 경제공동체 논의의 측면에서도 2015년 말 아세안 경제공동체가 출범을 앞두고 있으며 아세안+3 차원에서는 2015년 제18차 아세안+3 정상회의에서 2020년 동아시아 경제공동체 설립 로드맵이 담긴 2차 동아시아비전그룹 후속조치 행동계획이 채택된 바 있다.
    경제통합을 위한 각국의 노력에도 불구하고 역내에 정치외교 관계의 불안정성이 상존하는 만큼 한·중·일 3국간 경제통합, 나아가 동북아 경제통합의 모멘텀을 유지하고 이를 진전시킬 수 있는 방안 강구를 위한 지속적 노력이 긴요하다.
    이에 본고는 동북아경제공동체 구축을 위한 전략 마련 및 관련 논의를 증진시키기 위해 2015년 사업 논의현황 및 주요 연구결과를 정리하였다.  

    <
  • Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation
    Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation

    KIEP와 하와이 EWC(East-West Center)는 2014 Korea Dialogue Conference on Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation 주제하에 국제세미나를 공동개최한 바 있으며, 한․중․일․미 4개국 전문가들이 모여 북태평양 지역 국가의 거..

    Charles E. Morrison and Marcus Noland eds. 발간일 2015.05.15

    경제협력, 북한경제
    원문보기
    목차

    Introduction and Overview 
    Affiliations of the Contributors 
    Keynote Address
    Are Mega Free Trade Agreements the Best Alternative for Advancing Global Trade Liberalization? / Cae-One Kim


    Session 1 Prospects for the Region’s Economies
     
    Assessing Macroeconomic Policies in the US in Response to the Great Recession / David J. Stockton
    Introduction 
    Key Characteristics of the Recession and Recovery 
    The Response of Monetary and Fiscal Policies 
    Prospects for US Macroeconomic Policies and the Implications for the Economy 
    Risks to the US Outlook and the Implications for the North Pacific Economies 
    Conclusions
     
    Challenges and Opportunities in China’s Economy / Wang Yijiang
    Introduction  
    Economic Challenges for China 
    New Opportunities 
    Concluding Remarks 


    Abenomics and Beyond: The Japanese Economy in the 2010s / Tokuo Iwaisako
    Introduction  
    Brief Chronology of Abenomics 
    Japan’s Macroeconomic Performance under Abenomics 
    Potential Dangers for Abenomics 
    Conclusion
     
    Prospects of the Korean Economy / Il Houng Lee and Seongman Moon
    Introduction  
    Searching for Lost Economic Growth in Korea 
    Reasons for the Decline in Domestic Demand Growth 
    Conclusion
     
    Commentary:
    Prospects for the Region’s Economies: Discussion on Session 1 Papers / Sang-Hyop Lee
    Report of the Session Rapporteur:
    Prospects for the Region’s Economies: Overview by Session Rapporteur / Michael G. Plummer


    Session 2 Pathways toward Trade and Investment Integration in the North Pacific Region 


    The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) as a Pathway to Asian Integration / Deborah Elms
    The Goal: Free-Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP)  
    Two of Four Pathways in Play 
    The Launch of the TPP 
    Specific Benefits of the TPP: Market Access for Goods 
    Additional TPP Provisions 
    Last-Minute Shaving of Quality? 
    TPP Timelines 
    TPP Institutional Framework 
    Trade and Investment Diversion Coming 
    Circling Back to the FTAAP
     
    The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP): Design, Status, and Challenges / Zhang Jianping and Nie Wei
    Status of RCEP Negotiations  
    Dilemma of RCEP Negotiations 
    Compared with TPP, Is RCEP More Welcomed by Developing Economies in the Asia‑Pacific Region? 
    Challenges of the RCEP under the Framework of Five “10+1” FTAs 
    General Perceptions or Concerns about FTAs in China 
    Implications of RCEP for FTAAP Proposals 
    Implications of the RCEP for the North Pacific Economies 
    Conclusion
     
    China–Japan–Korea Free Trade Agreement (CJK FTA): Design, Status, and Challenges / Dukgeun Ahn
    State of the Play of the CJK FTA  
    CJK Trade and Economic Assessment Result 
    Mega FTA Competition and CJK FTA 
    Issues for Negotiation 
    Challenges Ahead 


    Commentaries:
    Pathways toward Trade and Investment Integration in the North Pacific Region: Comments / Kiyoun Sohn
    Pathways toward Trade and Investment Integration in the North Pacific Region: Discussion of Papers Presented in Session 2 / Michael G. Plummer
    Report of the Session Rapporteur:
    Pathways toward Trade and Investment Integration in the North Pacific Region: Overview by Session 2 Rapporteur / Theresa M. Greaney


    Session 3 Assessing Economic and Social Change in North Korea 


    Can North Korea Follow China’s Path of Reform and Open Door Policy? / Zhou Huji
    China’s National Security, the Transformation of Political Concept and Open Door Policy  
    Kim Jong Il’s Political Ideas and Survival Strategy 
    “Songun Politics”: One of the Political Survival Strategies 
    Improved Leader Worship: One of the Political Survival Strategies 
    “7.1 Measures”: Economic Survival Strategies 
    Nuclear Development and Asymmetric Dampening: International Survival Strategy 
    Survival and Emerging from the Crisis: Conclusion and Discussion 


    Economic Developments in North Korea / Marcus Nolan
    Introduction  
    Internal Developments 
    External Relations 
    Illicit Activities 
    Conclusions
     
    The Current Situation and Future Prospects of the North Korean Economy / Dongho Jo
    Introduction  
    The Current Situation 
    The Reaction of the North Korean Leadership 
    The Future Prospects 


    Commentaries:
    Assessing Economic and Social Change in North Korea: Discussion on Session 3 Papers / Hyung-Gon Jeong
    Assessing the Economic and Social Change in North Korea: Discussion on Session 3 Papers / Nicholas Eberstadt
    Report of the Session Rapporteur:
    Assessing Economic and Social Change in North Korea: Overview by Session 3 Rapporteur / Anjali Nath


    Roundtable Discussion on Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation 
    North Pacific Integration from an International Financial Perspective / Hiroyuki Ito
    Introduction  
    Interest Rates Linkages and Their Implications on Monetary Policy Management  
    “Internationalization” of the Renminbi 
    Conclusion
     
    Comments Based on the Roundtable Discussion / Tokuo Iwaisako
    Comments Based on the Roundtable Discussion / Jong Seok Kim
    “The Asian Paradox” 
    The Limits of Bilateral Talks 
    The Need for Multilateral Dialogs 
    Soft Issues 
    Harmony in Diversity 


    Comments Based on the Roundtable Discussion / David J. Stockton
    The Global Influences of Half of the World: Comments on North Pacific Cooperation / Wang Yijiang
    Report of the Session Rapporteur
    Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation: Overview by Roundtable Rapporteur / Duyen Bui


    Conference Program
    Program 
    List of Participants

    국문요약

    KIEP와 하와이 EWC(East-West Center)는 2014 Korea Dialogue Conference on Strengthening North Pacific Cooperation 주제하에 국제세미나를 공동개최한 바 있으며, 한․중․일․미 4개국 전문가들이 모여 북태평양 지역 국가의 거시경제와 경제통합의 현황 및 전망에 대해 토론하고, 북한 이슈에 대해 논의함으로써 지역경제의 안정과 발전을 위한 다각적 협력방안을 모색하였습니다.


     

    <
  • Financing Economic Integration and Functional Cooperation for Northeast Asia: To..
    Financing Economic Integration and Functional Cooperation for Northeast Asia: To..

    동북아 지역은 중국, 일본, 한국, 러시아 등 역내 주요국간의 연이은 정치적 문제에도 불구하고 세계에서 가장 역동적인 지역경제권으로 부상하고 있다. 이러한 경제적 위상의 제고는 러시아와 몽골의 풍부한 천연자원, 일본과 한국의 자본 및 기술..

    조이제 외 발간일 2014.12.30

    경제통합, 경제협력
    원문보기
    목차

    Preface
    Contributors
    Introduction and Overview
    Statements by Hosts and Country Representatives


    Part I. Regional Economic Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Country Perspectives
    - A Korean Perspective (Chang Jae Lee) 
    - A Chinese Perspective (Zhang Jianping)
    - A Japanese Perspective (Maeda Tadashi)
    - A Russian Perspective (Pavel Minakir)


    Part II: Energy Cooperation: Energy Infrastructure and Physical Connectivity
    Japan’s Energy Challenges and Potential for Regional Cooperation (Tanabe Yasuo)
    Energy Issues: Security, Alternative Systems, and Low-Carbon Futures (Terry Surles)
    Prospects for a Cross-border Power System in Northeast Asia (Iinuma Yoshiki)
    Energy Cooperation in Northeast Asia: A Russian Perspective (Sergey Sevastianov)


    Part III: Regional Cooperation and Integration
    Regional Cooperation and Integration in East and Northeast Asia (Kilaparti Ramakrishna)
    Cultivating Multilateralism in East Asia (Iwatani Shigeo)
    Regional Integration in Northeast Asia (Wang Weina)


    Part IV: Financing Regional Economic Integration through Cross-border Infrastructure Construction: Review and
    New Approaches to Regional Multilateral Financial Institutions


    Keynote Statement—Fulfilling a Long-held Dream: Financial Policy for a Unified Korea (Shin Je Yoon)
    A Strategy toward a Regional Multilateral Financial Institution (Lee Jai-Min and Kim Yu-Ree)
    Establishing a New Development Financing Institution: Comments and Observations (S. Stanley Katz)
    Northeast Asian Financial Cooperation in a New Era (Fan Xiaoyun)
    Comments on Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia (Zou Ping)


    Part V: Cross-border Economic Cooperation: Tumen River Area Economic Integration for the Korean Peninsula


    Political and Economic Imperatives behind North Korea’s Evolving Special Economic Zones (Glyn Ford)
    Underdeveloped Sino-Russian Cross-border Cooperation (Natalia Ryzhova)
    Creating a Northeast Asian Economy (Tony Michell)


    Appendix I. Seoul Declaration and Agenda
    Appendix II. Planning Meeting Summary and Agenda
    Appendix III. Report of Field Visit to Rason Special Economic Zone, DPRK and Yanbian, China

    국문요약
    동북아 지역은 중국, 일본, 한국, 러시아 등 역내 주요국간의 연이은 정치적 문제에도 불구하고 세계에서 가장 역동적인 지역경제권으로 부상하고 있다. 이러한 경제적 위상의 제고는 러시아와 몽골의 풍부한 천연자원, 일본과 한국의 자본 및 기술, 북미·유럽지역과 긴밀하게 구축된 생산네트워크에 주로 기인한 성과로 볼 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 냉전 종식 후 남겨진 동북아 안보 문제는 역내 경제발전의 주요 장애요인으로 상존하고 있다.
    이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해 동북아 국가들은 기능적 경제협력의 심화와 평화적 공존 및 번영을 이룩하기 위해 「동북아 경제공동체」를 구축하기 위해 지속적인 노력을 기울여야 한다.
    동북아 지역은 유럽의 EU, 동남아시아의 ASEAN 등과 같은 지역협력체제가 부재한 유일한 지역인 만큼 역내 경제협력체제 구축을 위한 구체적인 협력사업을 추진해야 한다.
    이에 본고는 국경간 인프라개발과 역내 경제통합에 필요한 재원 마련을 위한 제도 구축 논의를 증진시키기 위해 2014년 사업 논의현황 및 주요  연구결과를 정리하였다. 2014년에 주요 논의된 내용은 ➀ 역내 경제발전 및 협력에 관한 각국의 입장, ➁ 에너지·자원협력, ③ 제도적 경제통합 및 물리적 연계성 증진 방안, ④ 광역두만강지역 개발의제 등이다.
    <
  • 중국의 지역별 환경변화와 한국 중소기업의 진출방안
    중국의 지역별 환경변화와 한국 중소기업의 진출방안

    본 세미나는 2013년 정식 출범한 시진핑 정부 시대를 맞이하여 중국 주요 지역의 비즈니스 환경을 점검하고 우리 중소기업의 지역별 진출전략을 모색하고자 개최하였다. 특히 동북지역의 주요 개발프로젝트, 중부지역의 유망ㆍ신흥 산업의 발전 현황..

    노수연 외 발간일 2014.10.17

    경제협력, 산업정책
    원문보기
    목차
    발표ㆍ토론 요약

    제1부 동북지역 주요 개발프로젝트와 한국기업의 참여 가능성
    중국 투먼장(圖們江) 지역(琿春) 국제협력시범구 건설 및 한국의 투자기회 / 마커(馬克)
    헤이룽장성의 동북아 지역협력이 제공하는 ‘5대 기회’와 한국기업의 ‘4대 상업기회’ / 다즈강(笪志剛)

    제2부 중부지역의 유망 성장분야와 외국기업의 진출사례
    후베이(湖北)성의 유망 신흥산업과 외국인투자 기회 연구 / 장젠화(張建華)
    장시(江西)성 전략적 신흥산업 발전 및 국제 지역협력 / 궁젠원(龔建文)

    제3부 동부지역의 특구 육성 현황과 한국에 대한 시사점
    산둥성 경제발전정책이 산업협력(한국ㆍ산동)에 주는 기회 및 제언 / 구춘타이(顧春太)ㆍ판전홍(范振洪)
    푸젠성 경제사회 발전계획과 한국기업의 기회 / 리홍제(李鴻階)

    제4부 변화하는 한ㆍ중 비즈니스 환경과 한국 중소기업의 진출방안
    한국 중소기업의 중국 진출 현황과 미래 전략 / 오동윤

    필자 소개
    국문요약
    본 세미나는 2013년 정식 출범한 시진핑 정부 시대를 맞이하여 중국 주요 지역의 비즈니스 환경을 점검하고 우리 중소기업의 지역별 진출전략을 모색하고자 개최하였다. 특히 동북지역의 주요 개발프로젝트, 중부지역의 유망ㆍ신흥 산업의 발전 현황, 동부지역의 특구 육성 현황을 짚어보고 한ㆍ중 협력에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한 외국기업의 사례와 한국의 시사점 및 진출방안에 관해 논의하였다.
    먼저 중국 동북지역 경제전문가인 지린성 사회과학원 마커 원장은 지린성 두만강에 위치한 훈춘(琿春) 국제협력시범구의 현황과 전망을 소개하였다. 훈춘 시범구는 한국이 소비시장과 노동력 공급지로 활용 가능하고, 북한과의 협력 및 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 FTA에서 주도권을 확보하는 데에 유용할 것으로 판단하였다. 이 발표의 지정토론자로 참여한 KIEP 김부용 박사는 훈춘 시범구는 창지투(長吉圖) 개발사업의 일환이고, 훈춘시는 동해로 나가는 출구에 위치해 매우 중요한 기능을 할 것이므로, 더 많은 외자기업을 유치하기 위해 제도를 정비하고 인프라사업에 외자 참여의 진입문턱을 낮추며, 중소기업의 자금난을 해소하는 지원이 필요하다는 의견을 제시하였다.
    헤이룽장성은 중국의 대러시아 및 동북아 협력의 핵심 교두보이다. 헤이룽장성 사회과학원 다즈강 소장에 따르면, 헤이룽장성은 무단(牡丹)강ㆍ수이펀(绥芬)하 지역개발을 통해 한국과의 협력을 강화하고 있으며, 특히 한국기업은 중국ㆍ일본 기업과 공동으로 러시아 극동지방의 자원, 물류, 관광 등 분야의 협력을 확대할 수 있다. 이에 대해 토론자인 동아대 원동욱 교수는 중국 동북지역에 대한 한국기업의 투자가 적었던 가장 큰 이유를 높은 물류비용으로 꼽으며, 최근 물류환경이 개선되었으나 다른 나라의 항구를 빌리는 형식의 사업은 동북아 국제정치에 많은 영향을 받기 때문에 리스크가 있다고 지적하였다.
    화중과기대 장젠화 교수에 따르면, 후베이성은 현재 후기 공업화 단계로 이동하는 중이고, 주로 아시아계 외국기업이 우한(武漢) 도시군을 중심으로 투자하고 있으며, 향후 중부굴기전략과 산업이전전략, 우수한 과학교육 인프라 등을 기반으로 외국인투자 유치를 확대할 계획이다. 토론자인 KOTRA 장상해 차장에 따르면, 후베이성 우한(武漢)시를 중심으로 외자기업의 관심이 급증하였고, 향후 중국 내수시장에 한국기업이 많이 참여하기 위해 중국 대기업과 한국 중소기업이 협력하는 방식에 대해서도 연구를 진행하고 있다고 하였다.
    장시성 사회과학원 궁젠원 연구원은 장시성의 전략적 신흥산업 발전 현황과 전망을 발표하였다. 특히 태양광, 풍력, 원자력, 신에너지 자동차, 항공기, LED 조명, 신소재, 바이오, 녹색식품, 문화창의 등을 10대 전략산업으로 선정하여 적극 육성하고 있다. 한국은 자금, 인재, 기술 면에서 장시성보다 우위에 있으므로 이를 활용하여 광산자원의 개발 및 가공, 태양광, LED 조명, 바이오, 녹색식품, 문화창의 산업에서의 쌍방 협력을 강조하였다. 토론자인 KIEP 정지현 박사는 장시성은 국유기업 비중이 높다는 점이 외자기업에 부담으로 작용할 수도 있는 반면, 중소기업이 이러한 국유기업과의 협력을 잘 이용한다면 기회가 있을 것이라는 의견을 제시하였다.
    산둥성 사회과학원의 구춘타이 부소장은 한국과 산둥성의 교류 현황과 주요 발전계획을 소개하였고, 그 중에서도 칭다오(靑島), 옌타이(煙台), 웨이하이(威海), 웨이팡(濰坊)의 신구가 한국기업의 진출 유망지역이며, 향후 국제물류통로 건설과 전략적 신흥산업 육성에서 상호 협력할 수 있을 것으로 전망했다. 토론자인 수원과학대 박정식 교수는 산둥성의 해양산업은 기초분야에서는 중국 내에서 차지하는 비중이 높으나 원유 생산, 선박 수입, 컨테이너와 같이 좀 더 고도화된 부분에서는 전국에서 차지하는 비중이 낮은 편이라고 지적하였다. 그러나 이러한 분야에 대기업 등의 진출이 활발하고, 경제구 발전과 관련된 내부정책과 자금지원방안이 다양하게 마련된 점에서는 잠재력이 있다고 평가하였다.
    푸젠성 사회과학원 리훙제 부원장은 푸젠성의 경제적 위상과 주요 발전계획을 소개하였다. 리훙제 부원장은 향후 푸젠성은 항구, 도시, 산업의 3대 클러스터를 중심으로 발전할 계획이므로 이 클러스터들에서 비즈니스 기회가 확대될 전망이며, 따라서 한국기업은 친환경 제조, 산업 업그레이드, 스마트시티, 비교우위 등을 적극 어필해야 한다고 강조하였다. 토론자인 KIEP 노수연 박사는 한국과 푸젠성 간의 교류는 상대적으로 적은 편이며, 대만기업의 푸젠성 진출경험을 우리가 활용해야 한다는 의견을 제시하였다. 또한 푸젠성의 각종 우대정책은 1차적으로 대만기업에 포커스를 맞추고 있으나, 대만기업의 진출이 활발해지면 우리 기업에도 기회가 확대될 수 있다고 전망하였다.
    동아대 오동윤 교수는 1990년대 이후 한국 중소기업의 대중 투자 추이를 분석하고 향후 한ㆍ중 중소기업의 협력방안을 제시하였다. 한국 중소기업은 초기 경공업 위주에서 1990년대 말 조정기를 거치면서 중화학공업으로 투자업종이 변경되었으며, 향후 정보통신산업이 주를 이룰 전망이다. 또한 한ㆍ중 중소기업이 수출입과 설비투자를 중심으로 협력을 강화하고 제3시장에 공동으로 진출할 것을 제시하였다. 토론자인 산업연구원 이문형 박사는 향후 중국 경제는 더욱 내수 위주로 재편될 것이므로 우리 중소기업도 이에 대비해야 한다고 강조하며 한국에서 중국으로의 일방적인 투자가 아니라, 향후에는 양국 간의 쌍방향 투자를 제안하였다. 토론자인 지린성 사회과학원의 진메이화 연구원은 한ㆍ중 FTA가 체결되면 한ㆍ중 중소기업의 협력에도 기회가 될 것으로 기대하며 양국 중소기업이 제3국 시장을 공동으로 개척하는 것이 필요하다고 언급하였다. 또 다른 토론자인 푸젠성 사회과학원 우창난 소장은 한국 중소기업은 중국 진출 시 지역별 환경이 다름을 유념해야 하며, 특히 중소기업이 단독으로 중국시장을 개척하는 데에는 어려움이 있음을 지적하였다. 또한 중국 각 지역은 산업정책 유도도 중요하지만 클러스터형 발전도 중요시하고 있으므로 이를 활용할 것을 제안하였다. 토론자인 헤이룽장성 사회과학원의 류솽 부원장은 헤이룽장성에 한국 중소기업의 유망 진출분야로 한ㆍ중 양측이 공동투자하여 변경지역에서 러시아가 필요로 하는 상품을 생산해 파는 방식, 다칭(大慶)시의 LED, 애니메이션 산업, 농산품 고부가가치 산업 등을 제시하였다.
    <
  • 중국 지역경제 변화와 새로운 한ㆍ중 협력방안
    중국 지역경제 변화와 새로운 한ㆍ중 협력방안

    본 세미나는 한ㆍ중 수교 20주년을 맞아 향후 중국 지역경제의 구조적 변화에 대해 전망하고, 이에 대한 우리 기업의 대응방안 및 한ㆍ중 협력 확대방안을 모색하고자 개최하였다. 특히 도시화가 빠르게 진행되고 있는 서부지역, 중국 개혁ㆍ개방 및..

    정지현 외 발간일 2014.06.16

    경제협력, 해외직접투자
    원문보기
    목차

    발표ㆍ토론 요약



    제1부 중국 지역경제의 구조적 변화
    중국 서부지역의 도시화 발전과 외국기업의 투자기회 - 쉬장용ㆍ쑤젠쥔
    장강삼각주지역의 전략적 신흥산업 발전과 한국의 협력방안 연구 - 예젠량
    중국의 동북진흥전략과 한ㆍ중 경제협력 - 주용하오



    제2부 분야별 한ㆍ중 교류ㆍ협력 확대방안
    중국 SW 산업의 성장과 한ㆍ중 협력 - 김준연
    도시개발분야의 한ㆍ중 협력방안 - 정지현
    한ㆍ중 FTA, 지방 발전과 지방간 협력에 어떤 영향을 줄 것인가? - 정환우



    필자 소개

    국문요약

    본 세미나는 한ㆍ중 수교 20주년을 맞아 향후 중국 지역경제의 구조적 변화에 대해 전망하고, 이에 대한 우리 기업의 대응방안 및 한ㆍ중 협력 확대방안을 모색하고자 개최하였다. 특히 도시화가 빠르게 진행되고 있는 서부지역, 중국 개혁ㆍ개방 및 경제발전의 선두지역인 장강삼각주, 국유기업 중심의 경제구조를 가지고 있는 동북지역의 현안 및 변화에 대해 짚어보고 새로운 협력분야로서 소프트웨어(SW)산업과 도시개발사업을 살펴보았다. 또한 주로 한ㆍ중 간 국가 차원으로 연구되어왔던 경제협력과 FTA 관련 이슈에 대해 지방정부 차원의 협력과 발전을 논의하였다.



    먼저 중국 서부지역 경제전문가인 시베이대학 쉬장용 교수에 따르면 서부대개발정책의 추진과 더불어 서부지역의 도시화율이 점진적으로 제고되고 있으며 이러한 도시화의 진전은 경제성장, 산업의 구조조정 및 고도화 촉진, 고용구조의 합리화, 1인당 소득의 상승과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 특히 쉬 교수는 서부지역의 도시화율이 1% 증가하면 경제(GDP)성장률이 0.88%포인트 상승할 것이라는 추정결과를 발표하였으며, 향후 서부지역 도시인프라에 대한 건설투자의 주체 및 방식이 다양해짐에 따라 한국기업들의 진출기회가 확대될 것으로 전망하였다. 이 발표의 지정토론에 참여한 KIEP 이상훈 박사는 체계적인 도시화 발전을 위해 광활한 서부 농촌지역의 개발과 농업생산성을 함께 추진해 농촌과 도시의 격차를 축소시켜야 한다는 의견을 제시하였다. 


    장강삼각주지역은 중국 내에서도 산업기반이 잘 갖추어져 있어 산업혁신을 선도하고 있는 대표적인 지역이다. 저장대학 민영경제연구소 예젠량 박사에 따르면 장강삼각주는 특히 차세대 IT, 신에너지, 신소재, 첨단장비 제조 등의 분야를 중점적으로 육성할 계획으로, 현지 진출을 원하는 한국기업은 적합한 중국 측 파트너를 찾는 것이 중요하며 관련 연구기관과의 협력과 배후 생산체계 구축이 필요하다. 이에 대해 토론자인 KIEP 노수연 박사는 장강삼각주 내에서도 지역(省)별로 나타나는 차이점에 대해 주목할 것을 지적하였다. 일례로 장쑤, 저장, 상하이 3개 지역에서 모두 차세대 IT를 중시하지만 장쑤성과 저장성은 특히 사물간 인터넷산업에 중점을 둔다. 또한 중앙정부가 역점을 두는 7대 산업 외에도 장쑤성은 스마트그리드와 해양플랜트를, 저장성은 원자력 발전과 해양플랜트를 별도로 육성 중이다.



    ERINA 주용하오 박사에 따르면 동북지역은 노후공업기지의 개조 및 자원채굴형 도시의 대체산업 육성방안 등을 주요 내용으로 하는 ‘동북진흥계획’을 지난 10년간 추진하였으며 이를 통해 경제성장률이 제고되고 외국인투자 및 수출이 증가하였다. 또한 동북지역은 중국  내 에너지공급 및 농림업 관련 주요 생산기지로서 물류인프라 건설, 농산물 및 목재 가공, 석유화학, 자동차 및 장비제조 등 분야의 협력이 고려된다. 토론자인 KIEP 김부용 박사에 따르면 동북진흥전략은 지역균형발전전략 차원에서 추진된 것이기도 하지만, 이보다 더 중요한 것은 중국이 공업화 중기로 진입하는 역사적 단계에서 중공업을 통한 종합적 국력 향상이라는 필요성 때문에 추진되었다는 점이다. 또한 동북지역은 중국 전체 경지면적의 18%에 달하는 광활한 곡창지대가 분포하며 쌀, 옥수수, 콩 등의 생산량이 많아 농업 관련 분야의 협력을 고려할 수 있다. 



    NIPA의 김준연 박사는 SW 분야의 한ㆍ중 협력에 대해 발표하였다. 중국은 SW 산업의 디지털콘텐츠분야 중 온라인게임산업과 관련하여 제품모방과 M&A를 통해 한국과의 격차가 크게 축소되었다. 현재 온라인게임분야에서 한ㆍ중 간 협력은 한국기업이 게임개발을 맡고 중국이 자국 시장 내 퍼블리싱을 담당하는 방식이 주를 이루고 있다. 이러한 협력의 내실화 수준 제고를 위해서는 지적재산권, 인력교류, 관련 서비스시장 개방 등에 대한 협상력을 제고하는 것이 요구된다. 토론자인 KIEP 오종혁 연구원은 도시화의 빠른 진행으로 우리 기업의 진출기회가 크게 증가할 것이며, 특히 IT 서비스, 임베디드 SW 분야 등의 협력이 유망하다고 전망하였다. 또한 디지털가전, 의료기기, 자동차, 산업기계 등 분야가 지능화ㆍ네트워크화 추세를 보이므로, 유관 분야의 협력을 적극 모색할 것을 강조하였다.



    KIEP 정지현 박사는 중국의 도시개발 추진 현황과 한ㆍ중 협력방안에 대해 발표하였다. 중국의 도시개발 관련 시장은 그 규모가 방대할 뿐 아니라 설계, 건설, 감리, 환경 등 다양한 분야의 중국시장 진출에도 긍정적인 영향을 기대할 수 있다. 다만 중국의 특수성 및 도시개발사업의 특성 때문에 개별 외국기업이 독자적으로 중국의 도시개발시장에 접근하는 데 한계가 있으므로 정부 간 협력을 통해 우리 기업의 진출기반을 마련할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 우선 한국형 도시개발모델을 발굴하고, 양국 정부 간 고위급인사를 주축으로 협의체를 구성하며 정부조달사업 관련 제약을 완화할 필요가 있다. 토론자인 해외건설협회 홍석재 대리는 우리 업체의 중국 신도시건설분야 진출이 그동안 주로 동부 연해지역에 집중되어 있고, 비교적 단순한 단지개발 차원이었다면 이제는 진출지역의 확대와 더불어 개발지역의 기능적인 점에 주목해야 한다고 제안하였다. 



    국제무역연구원 정환우 박사의 발표에 따르면 한ㆍ중 양국의 지방정부는 한ㆍ중 FTA 체결로 인해 상호 접경지, 클러스터, 역내 중심지 위주로 경제협력이 강화되고 서로의 양자협력이 심화될 것으로 전망된다. 특히 중국 랴오닝성을 포함한 동북지역과 우리나라 수도권에 대한 파급효과가 클 것으로 판단된다. 토론자인 GRI 김군수 박사는 한ㆍ중 지방정부 간 협력사례로 경기도와 산둥성을 제시하면서, 향후 두 지역의 경제특구 간 인적ㆍ물적 교류에 대해 심도 있는 논의가 필요하다고 언급하였다. 또한 이 두 지역은 한ㆍ중 FTA 시범지역으로서 한ㆍ중 FTA의 영향과 효과, 제약요인 등에 대해 가늠할 수 있는 방편으로 활용할 수 있다는 의견을 제시하였다. 


     


     

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