This research examines Japan’s FTA strategies, focusing on Japan’s 13 effective bilateral FTAs, and ongoing negotiations on the TPP and the EU-Japan FTA. Especially, this research sheds light on the differences between the ongoing two FTA negotiations and Japan’s 13 existing bilateral FTAs in terms of Japan’s FTA strategy.
Chapter two analyzes the GVCs of Japanese companies from 1995 to 2011 based on EU World Input-output Tables (EU-WIOT). The results are as follows.
Firstly, RCEP including China is the most important economic cooperation partner for Japan, as it is for Korea. In 2011, out of Japan’s total value-added export, the RCEP-5(South Korea, China, Australia, Indonesia and India) accounted for 27.7% which is larger than the 21.7% forTPP-4(the US, Australia, Mexico, and Canada). The result implies that in terms of GVCs, concluding a regional FTA in East Asia involving China is advantageous for both Japan and Korea.
Second, most of Japan’s exports of final goods contribute to producing domestic intermediate goods. In 2011, 291.8 billion dollars of Japan’s final goods exports led to 485.9 billion dollars of intermediate goods production at the global level. However, out of the total amount, production of foreign intermediate goods represented only 22.1% while the share of Japanese goods was 77.9%. In value added terms, out of the total amount, 297.6 billion dollars or 85.7% are returned to Japan compared to 61.9% for Korea. This result shows that Japan’s intermediate goods production network is better developed than that of Korea. Japan has highlighted tariff elimination and cumulative rules of origin to maximize export enlargement effects following the FTA expansions.
Third, Japanese manufacturers have maintained its competitiveness even in the late 2000s. Japanese RCA in value added had remained around 0.76 to 0.79. Also, even though Japan’s total exports is only 1.48 times larger than that of Korea, Japan’s value-added exports is 2.22 times larger than Korea’s. It shows that Japanese exports has created a high rate of domestic value added, and implies the Japan’s FTA could shortly bring more value-added into the domestic production and employment effects.
Chapter three outlines how the Japanese government exploits FTAs in major negotiating chapters including tariff, rules of origin, service trade, intellectual property rights, etc., so as to expand GVCs of domestic enterprises. Also, this chapter examines the utilization of signed FTAs. The results can be summarized as:
First, although the Japanese government emphasizes comprehensiveness and high level of liberalization in the 13 effective FTAs, their actual level of liberalization is low since they have chosen the FTA partners so as to protect their agriculture, fisheries and livestock markets.
Second, 72 types of complex rules of origin in FTAs by Japan lower the utilization of FTAs by increasing burdens on Japanese companies to achieve the certificate of origin. To lighten the burden, the government introduced ‘autonomous certificate system for Customs Approved Registered Exporter’ to the Japan-Switzerland FTA and applied the system both to Japan-Peru and Japan-Mexico FTAs. However, challenges remain for the government to unify rules of origin and seek an effective way to utilize cumulative rules of origin.
Third, despite the dramatic increase in the number of certificates of origin issued by the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the growth of Japanese companies’ FTA utilization rate from 36.2% in 2009 to 42.9% in 2013 according to the JETRO survey, the FTA utilization rate of Japanese companies is still low. It is mainly caused by low liberalization level of signed FTAs. In fact, even goods receiving preferential tariff often could not benefit due to the rules of origin, high cost and complex process for a certificate of origin, and lack of information on the FTA procedure system.
Chapter four divides major issues of the TPP-12 negotiations into market access for goods and rules, then examines Japanese strategy in the TPP-12 negotiations. The results are as follows:
Firstly, it is hardly possible to sign the TPP by the targeted deadline at the end of 2014, but still the US-Japan negotiations are critical to concluding the agreement. The TPP, a multilateral FTA, could also be considered a bilateral FTA between the US and Japan. It is because with respect to negotiations on tariff and intellectual property rights, Japan’s acceptance of American demands would determine the results. Also, concluding the bilateral negotiation on market access on agriculture and livestock is a prerequisite, even though it is uncertain whether other participants would accept the settlement.
Second, Japan’s TPP strategy can be summarized as mutual protection allowance for the US Automobile market and Japan’s agricultural market. This Japanese exchange strategy had been effective until Japan’s official declaration of participation in the TPP, in February of 2013. However, at the moment, the end of 2014, the strategy seems to be losing strength. For instance, the TPP negotiations for tariffs and safeguards on pork, beef, and dairy products included in the main 5 items of agriculture and livestock industry are facing difficulties even at the working level consultation with the US.
Chapter five analyzes the main issues of the ongoing FTA negotiation between Japan and the EU and countermeasures of the Japanese government. Two results are revealed as below:
Firstly, the EU-Japan FTA is expected to be more comprehensive than recently concluded FTAs such as the EU-Korea, and the EU-Singapore. Negotiations for the EU-Japan FTA handled various issues; overall commodity trade including tariffs, technical barriers to trade(TBT), sanitary and phytosanitary measures(SPS), service trade, e-commerce, investment, government procurement, intellectual property rights, competition, trade and sustainable development, conflict resolution, non-tariff measures, rules of origin, customs clearance facilitation, geographical indications, animal welfare, corporate governance, business environment, and so on.
Second, the biggest issue in the EU-Japan FTA negotiation is the reduction or elimination of non-tariff barriers. For the EU to balance benefits against Japan which has low tariffs, it would need an effective strategy in demanding that Japan remove its non-tariff barriers. However, regulatory reforms of the Japanese government are limited to regulatory harmonization, trade facilitation and streamlining customs procedures. Ultimately, the pace of the FTA would be dependent on Japan’s reduction of non-tariff barriers and the EU’s acceptance of that level. Therefore, Japan should especially promote regulatory reforms among structural reforms known as the ‘third arrow’ of Abenomics. At the same time, the government needs to deal with harsh demands from Mega FTAs regarding non-tariff barriers.

서언
 
국문요약
 
제1장 서론 
1. 연구목적 
2. 연구 범위 및 구성 
3. 선행연구 검토 및 본 연구의 특징 

제2장 일본의 무역구조: 글로벌 가치사슬(GVC) 분석 
1. 글로벌 가치사슬(GVC) 분석 
  가. 글로벌 가치사슬: 개념, 의의 
  나. 데이터 
  다. 분석 틀 
2. 일본의 글로벌 가치사슬(1): 부가가치 무역 
  가. 부가가치 수출 
  나. 부가가치 수입 
  다. 부가가치 무역수지 
3. 일본의 글로벌 가치사슬(2): 수출의 국내부가가치 창출 
4. 일본의 글로벌 가치사슬(3): 중간재 교역 
5. 일본의 글로벌 가치사슬(4): 부가가치 경쟁력 

제3장 일본의 기발효 FTA 특징과 효과 
1. 일본의 FTA 협정문 분석 
  가. 기발효 FTA 협정문 구성과 특징 
  나. 기발효 FTA의 협정문 분석: TPP 협상 쟁점을 중심으로 
2. 기발효 FTA 주요 분야별 내용과 특징 
  가. 상품무역(1): 시장접근 관련 규범 
  나. 상품무역(2): 산업별 양허 현황 
  다. 원산지 규정 
  라. 투자 및 서비스 
  마. 지식재산권 
3. 일본의 기발효 FTA의 무역효과 
  가. 선행연구 
  나. 기발효 FTA의 무역효과 
  다. 일ㆍ멕시코 FTA의 무역효과 
4. 일본의 기발효 FTA 활용 현황과 과제 
  가. 일본기업의 원산지 증명서 발급 현황 
  나. 일본기업의 FTA 활용 현황 
  다. 일본기업의 FTA 활용 과제
 
제4장 일본의 TPP 추진전략 
1. 일본의 TPP 참여 배경과 의의 
2. TPP 협상의 주요 쟁점 
  가. 시장접근 
  나. 규범 
3. 일본의 TPP 협상전략: 미ㆍ일 협상을 중심으로 
  가. 농축산물분야 
  나. 자동차분야 
  다. 경쟁정책분야: 일본우정(日本郵政株式会社)
 
제5장 일본의 대EU FTA 추진전략 
1. 일ㆍEU 간 무역ㆍ투자 현황 
2. 일ㆍEU FTA의 추진경과와 특징 
  가. 일ㆍEU FTA의 경위 
  나. 일ㆍEU FTA 협상의 특징 
3. 일ㆍEU FTA의 쟁점: 일본의 비관세장벽 
  가. 일본의 비관세장벽 개관 
  나. 일본 비관세장벽에 대한 EU의 주요 개선요구분야와  일본의 규제개혁 대응

제6장 결 론 
1. 평가 및 전망 
  가. 일본기업의 글로벌 가치사슬에서의 특징 
  나. 기발효 FTA를 통해 본 일본의 FTA 전략 
  다. TPP 협상 전망과 일본의 대응전략 
  라. 일ㆍEU FTA 협상 전개와 일본의 추진전략 
2. 정책적 시사점 
  가. 한국의 효율적 FTA 이행전략에 주는 시사점 
  나. 한국의 TPP 참여전략 
  다. 일ㆍEU FTA 협상결과의 활용방안 모색 

참고문헌 

Executive Summary