Due to North Korea’s nuclear test and the UNSC’s sanctions on North Korea, economic cooperation including North Korea-China trade is one of the most internationally recognized issues, and many analyzes and studies are underway. However, there is little research on the comprehensive trading practices of North Korea and China, centering on the border areas of Liaoning Province and Jilin Province, which serve as outposts in China's trade with North Korea. In this study, we analyzed the changes in trading practices in the UNSC sanctions against North Korea (2006 ~ 2016 (No. 2270)) and bilateral trade between North Korea and China due to bilateral sanctions.
  The disconnection of trade between North Korea and Japan stemming from Japan’s ban on trade with North Korea in 2006 and the suspension of inter-Korean trade due to the implementation of the 5.24 measures in 2010 seemed to have a considerable influence on North Korea’s foreign trade. However, in the late 2000s, the rapid increase in demand for mineral resources due to the economic development of China, the increase of Chinese enterprises’ trade and investment in North Korea replaced the place, and the dependence of North Korea on China trade became even more increased. The UNSC’s sanctions against North Korea and the independent bilateral sanctions imposed by the South Korea, the United States, and Japan have contributed to the deepening of North Korea’s dependence on China and the increase of trade in North Korea and China. In addition, considering the trade structure and characteristics of the North-China whole-trade and the border region, the effect of the existing North Korean sanctions on the North Korean and Chinese trade is very weak and the North- You can see that the map has changed.
  Since the 2000s, the trade between North Korea and China has started from complementary relations. ① there has been a rapid increase in trade volume between North Korea and China, ② the dependence of North Korea on China’s trade has increased, ③ China’s imports to North Korea increased, ④ structural change in trade items, ⑤ China’s trade with North Korea has changed from the three provinces of the northeast to the southern coastal areas such as Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Hebei provinces.
  In Liaoning Province, trade between North Korea and China plays a major role as a major trade channel between China and Pyongyang. However, since the normalization of trade in North Korea is becoming more difficult in the international community, especially in the period from 2013 when the issue of settlement of accounts has begun to arise, a special settlement system (trust payment). The importance of the Dandong region in trade between North Korea and China is evident in both formal and informal trade.
  Jilin Province’s trade with North Korea has made great progress in both quality and quantity in the 2000s. Since the implementation of sanctions in North Korea, Jilin Province’s main items of North Korea and China trade are not included in the scope of sanctions, and most of them are in the form of changed trade.
  The main types of trade between China and North Korea based on statistical data of China Customs can be divided into general trade, change trade, processing trade, and bonded trade. General trade accounts for the largest portion of the total trade between North Korea and China. In the case of the border area between North Korea and China, the share of general trade in North Korea’s public imports is not much different, but it is clear that the proportion of the total exports is considerably small. Since the change trade can only be done in a geographically bordered area, it can only be done in Liaoning Province and Jilin Province in North Korea and China Trade. These border areas serve as trade bases for North Korea and China, accounting for more than 70% of the total bilateral trade. Since the United Nations sanctions on North Korea in early 2016, Chinese companies have become increasingly active in ordering or outsourcing orders to North Korea. Especially in the garment processing sector, clothing processing plants in Pyongyang are continuously operating. This suggests that North Korea is actively engaged in the trade of clothing after using the comparative advantages of the clothing sector, which is not subject to sanctions, as the international dispatch of North Korean workers becomes more difficult and the passage of foreign currencies narrows. As for the bonded trade in the border region, the size of the bonded trade has greatly increased in the mass exports, and the proportion of the trade has been steadily maintained at 30 to 40%. As in the case of processing trade, the share of bonded trade exports in the border region is higher than that of bonded exports in total exports, which means that most bonded trade takes place in the border region. In particular, it can be inferred that exports to third countries such as Korea and Japan are actively being carried out through China after 5.24 measures, given that North Korea’s rapid exports of bonded trade exports to China have increased since 2010.
  There is a clear difference between the North and the China trade as the border region and the non-border region and comparing the main trade items. The amount exported by North Korea to the border and non-border regions of China is comparable, and most of the exports to non-border regions are occupied by minerals. The most prominent items in the border region are clothing and minerals. Apparel items account for more than the exports of mineral items, and more than 99% of the detailed items of apparel items are finished products. In the case of North Korean mass imports, imports from the border region are much higher than imports from non-border regions. In general, imports are more distributed than exports, indicating that various consumer goods and intermediate goods consumed by North Korea are covered by imports from the border region.
  As formal trade has expanded in the border region between North Korea and China, smuggling trade is also naturally increasing. It is estimated that the smuggling trade between North Korea and China is relatively systematic and large scale in the region of Liaoning Province, Yalu River Estuary, Pollution, and Jilin Province Changbai. In addition, it seems that a large number of small-scale private transactions are taking place along the border areas of the Yalu and Tumen River basins. Despite the regional differences, the major backgrounds of the smuggling trade are ① the fall of the local economy, ② long-term practice, ③ socio- cultural ties, and ④ embargo on trading items. In this situation, local residents are directly or indirectly involved, and even if there is a crackdown, there is a high possibility of resuming, even if the crackdown is temporarily suspended. This is also the reason that the smuggling trade is not eradicated.
  Currently, North Korea and China are cooperating with each other in expanding trade in non-commodity trading services, which are not included in the new sanctions, and this trend is expected to be expanded and strengthened regardless of sanctions. It is very likely that the Chinese government will activate the border areas of Dandong, North Korea’s main trade hub with North Korea, and Yen Banju, which is easy to reach into Russia, and North Korea and China are showing such a movement even now.
  China, on the other hand, is participating in international sanctions against North Korea while strengthening economic cooperation with North Korea in the border region. The policies related to the Northeast region of China are aimed at improving the trade infrastructures of the neighboring countries and strengthening the interconnection between the border regions and the neighboring countries of China and revitalizing the economy.
  In this study, we examine the trading practices centered on Liaoning Province and Jilin Province, which are bordered by North Korea and China, and analyze the trade practices of North Korea and China in the border region. The changes were analyzed. This study aims to promote the understanding of the current status and system of North and South Korea trade while also examining the changes in economic cooperation in the border region between North Korea and China caused by sanctions against North Korea.
 

제1장 서론

1. 연구 배경 및 목적
2. 연구 방법과 내용

제2장 접경지역에서의 북ㆍ중 무역의 현황과 대북제재 이후의 변화

1. 북ㆍ중 무역의 현황과 대북제재 이후의 변화
2. 랴오닝성의 북ㆍ중 무역 현황과 대북제재 이후의 변화
3. 지린성의 북ㆍ중 무역 현황과 대북제재 이후의 변화

제3장 접경지역에서의 북ㆍ중 무역 형태와 거래관행의 변화

1. 접경지역에서의 북ㆍ중 무역의 형태별 분류
2. 접경지역에서의 주요 거래 품목 동향 분석
3. 접경지역에서의 북ㆍ중 무역의 주체 및 방식
4. 물품 통관 및 대금결제 방식

제4장 접경지역에서의 북ㆍ중 밀무역 현황

1. 북ㆍ중 밀무역의 역사
2. 2000년대 이후 밀무역의 발전 현황 및 지역 분석
3. 북ㆍ중 밀무역의 주요 특징
4. 대북제재 이후 북ㆍ중 밀무역의 동향

제5장 접경지역에서의 북ㆍ중 통상구 교역의 동향과 특징

1. 접경지역 통상구의 수출입 동향
2. 북ㆍ중 통상구 교역의 특징

제6장 대북제재가 접경지역 북ㆍ중 무역 거래관행의 변화에 미치는 효과

참고문헌

Executive Summary