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Working paper Push vs. Pull Factors of Capital Flows Revisited: A Cross-country Analysis 금융정책, 금융통합

저자 강태수, 김경훈 발간번호 19-01 자료언어 English 발간일 2019.02.20

원문보기(다운로드:3,630) 저자별 보고서 주제별 보고서

   본 연구자료에서는 47개 국가패널자료를 활용하여 순자본유입의 결정요인을 분석하였다. 자본유출입에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 여러 국가특성을 고려하여, 패널 데이터를 선진국과 신흥국으로 구분하였다. 신흥국은 다시 지역을 기준으로 4개 하위그룹으로 구분하였다. 실증분석결과 선진국 및 신흥국 사이의 자본유출입 결정요인에 대한 이질성이 존재할 뿐 아니라, 신흥국 국가그룹 내에서도 이러한 이질성이 상당한 것으로 확인되었다. 선진국의 경우 대내외요인이 모두 자본유출입을 결정하는 주요 요인인 것으로 나타났다. 일부 신흥국 국가그룹에서 대내요인이 자본유출입에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 대체적으로 대외요인이 신흥국으로의 순자본유입에 더 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 실증분석 결과는 확장된 계량모형, 고정효과를 포함한 패널분석, 이자율 변수, 분석기간 등에 대해 강건한 것으로 나타났다.

 

핵심용어: 자본흐름, 대외요인, 대내요인
 

   Capital market integration contributes to economic growth and it can be more beneficial for emerging market economies (EMEs, hereafter) at their early stages of development where the capital is relatively insufficient. An open capital market also enables investor to share the country-specific risks by holding foreign assets. However, there are also some negative side effects of capital market integration. Financial shocks originating in the center coun-try can be quickly propagated through the integrated financial market. The Global Financial Crisis (GFC, hereafter) is a good example of the contagion of the financial crisis. Volatile cross-border capital inflows and outflows nega-tively affect financial stability, which eventually lowers economic growth by causing financial crises.
   Despite of these negative side effects, capital market integration has been an inevitable long-term trend for many EMEs over the past few decades (Aizenman et al. 2010). There have been continuous capital flows to EMEs, which started even before GFC and this trend has been more pronounced during the U.S. zero-interest rate period (Ahmed and Zlate 2014). Though some monetary authorities in EMEs tried to moderate the procyclicality of credit flows by implementing policy instruments such as capital controls or macro-prudential policy measures after GFC (Kim and Mehrotra 2018), the common factors in the global financial market still play a crucial role in de-termining capital inflows to EMEs.
   The relationship between the global financial condition and its impact on capital inflows to EMEs, has been a long-debated issue. This issue concerns whether push or pull factors are the major determinant of capital flows. The push factor represents the common factor that exists in the global financial market or center countries, which influences capital inflows to peripheral countries. These factors are interest rates and GDP growth rates of advanced economies (AEs, hereafter), global risk factors such as VIX (S&P 500 Volatili-ty Index), and the commodity price index. The pull factor denotes domestic factors that attract funds from the global financial market to domestic finan-cial markets. These factors are domestic interest rates, domestic GDP growth rates, and other country-specific characteristics such as exchange rate regime, degree of the capital account openness, institutional quality, and stages of economic development.
   In previous literature, many scholars have found strong evidence for push factors being the major determinant of capital movement. The interest rates of mature economies and VIX are significant determinants of capital inflows to EMEs. However, there is only some evidence that higher domestic interest rates and higher domestic GDP growth rates pull capital from the center countries to individual EMEs (Koepke 2015).
   Related to this long-debated issue in academia, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve, Jerome H. Powell recently stated, "... I will argue that, while global factors play an important role in influencing domestic financial conditions, the role of U.S. monetary policy is often exaggerated."  With this statement, he also pointed out that the slowdown in capital inflows to EMEs which has been happening ever since 2011 has been mainly due to the narrowing of GDP gaps between AEs and EMEs, i.e., the recent decrease in capital in-flows to EMEs can be attributed to the decline in EMEs' GDP growth rates given the fact that the U.S. GDP growth rate has picked up.
   In this paper, we revisit this issue of push and pull factors of capital inflows. To this end, we consider the heterogeneity that exists in EMEs by dividing them into four subgroups. We investigate which is the main driver of capital inflows between push and pull factors across country groups. Categorizing subgroups is important for two reasons. First, EMEs are so heterogeneous that we make subgroups which share similar economic fundamentals by re-gions. Second, making subgroups across EMEs is an effective way to indi-rectly consider the regional contagion effect. With this cross-country analysis, we can figure out the differing effects of push and pull factors across country groups, and this can eventually lead to the development and implementation of appropriate policy instruments. 
   Our empirical finding shows that the push and pull factors play a different role in determining capital inflows to AEs and EMEs. The major drivers of capital inflows to AEs are both push and pull factors, but push factors turn out to be the main determinant of capital inflows to EMEs. When EMEs are divided into four subgroups, we find sizable heterogeneity across subgroups. In Asian countries, both push and pull factors are significant, which is similar to AEs, but only U.S. interest rate plays a major role in Eastern Europe. Some pull factors are important in Latin American countries and other EMEs, but these are not robust to alternative empirical models and measures.


Keywords: capital flows, push factor, pull factor
JEL Classification: F3, E5 

Executive Summary


1. Introduction


2. Literature review


3. Empirical analysis
3-1. Empirical model
3-2. Data and basic statistics
3-3. Empirical results


4. Robustness tests
4-1. Alternative model: Panel regression with the country-fixed effect
4-2. Extended model including country-specific factors
4-3. Alternative data frequency: Yearly variables
4-4. Alternative capital flow measure: Gross capital inflows
4-5. Alternative interest rate variable: Real interest rates


5. Conclusion


References 

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