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APEC Study Series A Model Development for Measuring Global Competitiveness of the Tourism Industry in the Asia-Pacific Region

저자 김철원 발간번호 00-03 자료언어 English 발간일 2000.12.30

원문보기(다운로드:915) 저자별 보고서 주제별 보고서

본 연구는 관광부문 경쟁력 평가 모델을 개발하여 "4차적 경쟁력 원천 모델 (Four Dimensional Sources of Competitiveness)"을 제시하였다.

1차적 경쟁력 원천 (Primary sources of competitiveness)에는 주체 (subject), 환경 (environment) 및 자원 resources)이 있으며, 2차적 경쟁력 원천에는 관광정책, 관광계획, 관광투자, 관광세율 및 가격, 그리고 관광관리가 있으며, 3차적 경쟁력 원천에는 관광인프라, 수용태세, 인공자원 매력도, 홍보체계, 그리고 이미지 정립이 구성요소로 되어있고, 4차적 경쟁력 원천에는 관광수요, 관광고용, 관광성과, 관광수출 등이 있다. 4가지 경쟁력 원천이 관광부문의 경쟁력을 좌우하는 결정변수가 될 수 있음을 본 연구는 제안하고 있다.

본 연구는 관광부문의 경쟁력을 M. Porter의 개념과 같이 국가경쟁력과 혼재하여 사용하고 있고, 관광부문의 경쟁력을 "한 나라의 관광시장환경 및 여건, 관광자원, 인력자원, 인프라 구조 등이 국제관광시장에서 지속적으로 부가가치를 창출하여 국부를 증가시킬 수 있는 능력으로" 정의한다. 즉, 관광부문의 경쟁력은 잠재적 능력을 측정하는 동시에 현재적 그리고, 관광성과로 나타난 능력을 평가하는 개념으로 방향성을 제시하였다.

본 연구의 결실을 위하여 단계적 연구사업을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 후속사업으로 한국과 호주 두 나라가 공동으로 추진하고 있는 한·호 관광공동 프로젝트를 통하여 평가지표의 국제적 검증을 실시하고 모형을 개발하여 실제 자료 수집을 통한 경쟁력 평가를 실시하고, 향후 APEC을 통하여 APEC 관광부문 평가지표 및 모델을 개발하고 평가하는 시스템을 구축하여 APEC지역연합 경쟁력(bloc competitiveness)을 강화할 수 있는 방안들을 제시하고, 궁극적으로 세계 경쟁력을 평가하여 세계경쟁력 (global competitiveness) 강화하는 프로그램이 실시되어야 한다. 추가적으로 본 결론에서는 국내 관광산업을 상호 비교 평가할 수 있는 국내관광산업의 경쟁력 평가모델 개발의 필요성이 있음을 인식하며, 단계적 사업에서 실시되어야 함을 제안한다. 이러한 단계적 조치를 효율적으로 달성하기 위해서는 각국이 관광산업을 객관적으로 비교가능하게 하는 "관광위성계정 (Tourism Satellite Account)개발이 절실히 요구된다.
This study developed the evaluation model of competitiveness, and suggested "four dimensional sources of competitiveness". The primary sources of competitiveness include the subject, environment, and tourism resources. The secondary sources of competitiveness are comprised of tourism policy, tourism planning, tourism investment, tourism tax and prices, and tourism management. The tertiary sources of competitiveness include tourism infrastructure, tourism reception system, tourism attractiveness, tourism publicity system, and tourism manpower. The fourth sources of competitiveness are comprised of tourism demand, tourism employment, overall tourism performance, and tourism export. These four sources of competitiveness are determinants which dominate competitiveness in the tourism sector.
The constantly growing number of travel destinations, and the enhanced quality of existing ones, is putting great pressure on those responsible for a given destination to find better ways to compete in the tourism marketplace and to do so in a sustainable manner. The first step in achieving this goal is to better understand those forces and factors that determine the competitiveness of major tourism destinations.
Given the wide-ranging nature of the concept, and the problems of application, it is not surprising to find that there is no unique measure for competitiveness. The notion of tourism competitiveness must be consistent with the notion of 'competitiveness' in the international economics and international business literature. The literature on international competitiveness was critically reviewed with a view to developing a framework suitable for tourism research.
This research uses a concept of tourism competitiveness, mixing with national competitiveness, like the concept of M. Porter. Competitiveness in the tourism sector is defined as the ability of the tourism market environment and conditions, tourism resources, tourism human resources, and tourism infrastructure in a country create an added value and increase national wealth. That is to say, "the competitiveness in the tourism sector" is not only a measure of potential ability, but also an evaluation of present ability and tourism performance.
By this study, it is expected that a measurement to compare strengths and weaknesses in the tourism industry of every country will be developed, and that mutual cooperation among nations will be promoted to develop national, overall competitiveness in international tourism. This means that international cooperation should be strengthened through development of evaluation indicators of competitiveness. In the international tourism market every nation finds a way to strengthen international competitiveness through common efforts. Strategic cooperation among tourism industries, expansion and utilization of investment for a high value-added tourism industry, construction of tourism information system, and international cooperation among businesses for specialization of high-quality tourism can be suggested. For example, countries holding a dominant position in a field will increase attractiveness in the overall international tourist destination, and create much stronger potential power, as supporting other countries, and constructing cooperation system with their neighbour countries.
On the other hand, policies for positioning and raising the existing tourism industry, strategically supporting and improving, and developing a new category of tourism business can also be suggested. According to the above, the following program of five stages for strengthening the competitiveness of every country in the international tourism community was deduced. In the first stage, changes in the international market are identified, and the position taken by each country. The second stage is to analyze the reasons for those positions to find key points to strengthen competitiveness. In the third stage, every country sets up its vision to demonstrate its potential power to the highest level, and to establish the purpose for objective measurement and scientific proof. In the fourth stage, every country recognizes the level of competitiveness and the reason why a gap of competitiveness exists. It is essential to construct an international cooperation system for choosing effective system and policy to bring about the highest continual benefit. The fifth stage is to suggest a substitute plan and establish an action program.
I.Background

II. Literature Review
1 .Debate on Competitiveness
2. Definitions of Competitiveness
3. Indicators of Competitiveness
4. Framework of Competitiveness
5. Tourism Competitiveness

III. Developing Indicators and a Model of Tourism Competitiveness
1. Selection of Evaluation Indicators of Competitiveness
2. Verification of Evaluation Indicator of Competitiveness in the Tourism
Sector
3. Development of a Competitiveness Evaluation Model of the Tourism Industry
4.Evaluation Indicators of Competitiveness
5. Evaluation Method and Procedure

IV. Conclusion and Policy Implications

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