In 2010, Korea has become 24th member country of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Development Aid Committee, DAC. Hereby Korea is the first nation which changed its position form an ODA recipient to a donor country after the establishment of OECD in 1961. Korea as an emerging donor is trying to develop its ODA policy accord with the United Nation's MDGs.
According to recent data, ASEAN received about 25 per cent of Korea's total ODA disbursement. Moreover, ASEAN is a core region of cooperation in terms of politics, economy and diplomacy. The importance of ODA comes not only from its characteristics of humanitarianism but also it is one of the important sources of a country's soft power which can lift up the nations's diplomatic ability and reputation. Therefore Korea's ODA toward ASEAN has its significance beyond a mere numerical growth.
Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in ASEAN but its relation with Korea has been rapidly improved. The number of Korean tourists who visited Cambodia reached 300 thousands, the two nations' trade volume increased six times more than 1997 and Korea's investment to Cambodia jumped seventy-fold from the year of diplomatic normalization in 1997. Now Cambodia is the sixth largest investment destination for Korea while Korea is the second largest foreign investor in Cambodia after China and the accumulated volume of the investment reached $ 2.75 billions. Also, Cambodia is one of our strategic partners for economic cooperation. In 2008, Cambodia was Korea's the second largest recipient who received $ 1.3 millions of grant. In spite of the growing need of systemic approach to ODA policy, there are few studies which deal with the ODA strategy toward Cambodia. For this reason, this study aims to analyze Cambodia's ODA circumstance to suggest ODA policy direction accord with Korea's new diplomatic strategy to Asia. To do so, this study will compare China, Japan and the World Bank's ODA policies. The strengths of these donors ODA strategy may provide good tips on Korea's ODA strategy toward Cambodia. Also through the field trip to Cambodia, we would scan Korea's current ODA strategy to develop it in the efficient way to reduce poverty and to boost economic growth in Cambodia.
Japan's ODA policy toward the South Asian region has been criticized as the country strongly pursues economic interests through ODA. Japan's foreign aid in Cambodia, however, is not criticized neither by government officers nor by civil society. Japan keeps its chanel open with Cambodian local governments to research aid demand areas. Especially, Japan established NGO desks in the local JICA offices which connect Japan's development NGOs and Cambodia local NGOs. Unlike in Indonesia, Japan does not seek natural resources and markets simultaneously in Cambodia. This may be one of the reasons that Japan ODA policy has a fine valuation in Cambodia.
China's foreign aid has very unique characteristics. Often China's aid does not meet the international standard of ODA as its purpose of aid is highly related with political leverage or economic ripples toward the recipient countries. Nonetheless many recipients welcome China's aid since it gives huge amount of aid promptly under the principles of reciprocity and "non-interference in domestic affairs." Traditional donor countries admit that China's aid has many problems in terms of the global standard but they do not deny China's contribution to the international ODA field. Some ODA people and NGO people who we met in Cambodia also showed similar perspectives.
It would be difficult to get some lessons from China's aid policy since its uniqueness and Korea's lack of aid resources. Yet some see China's strategy in the more positive manner since Korea's current ODA budget is not sufficient enough to meet international assistance purpose. There is a suggestion that Korea should consider China’s strategies more seriously.
Korea just has been joined DAC. Korea’s position among DAC members is not really firm neither strong at all right at this moment. That is why Korea should concern how well those recipient countries will give credit for Korea's ODA. Korea should set ODA Strategies samrtly according to recipients' evaluation.
Even Japan and China have been operating ODA Policy for their own interests. Korea’s economy is much smaller than Japan and China. Then Korea more likely needs to recognize the limit of aid funds for ODA and to develop specialized ODA policy according to Korea’s economy scale. We should take consider China’s strategies which is to avoid contempt from donor countries but to have reciprocal relationship with recipient countries by helping recipient countries to reduce their poverty and by supporting the local people to feel that they are actually being helped.
Doctor Kwon Yul suggests that Korea which has very limited resource should actively collaborate with China. From his point of view, Korea and China,as newly rising donor countries, both have lots of common to share, Korea can hand over ODA management and evaluation skill and Know how to China. ODA joint project with China can give Korea the stable funding. Cases of China's ODA to Cambodia bring several tasks that Korea has to develop its own ODA model. Korea’s ODA model has to be shaped other than material aid due to limit resource. It is supposed to maximize aid effectiveness. From that point of view, Korea has to revitalize exports to Cambodia. Genreally, Cambodia shows satisfaction about Korea’s aid system. The biggest reason is Korea has experienced the same economic difficulties because of that, Korea understands developing countries situation so unlikely the Western donors, Korea tries to meet the needs of Cambodia.
Some western donor countries emphasize aid consulting system, In this way, Assistance can be interference of Cambodia’s customary and its administration so Cambodia government prefers Korea’s aid system.
Currently, Korea focuses on not only material ODA but also developing software ODA project. But like Saemaeul Movement, such development experiences of Korea are not really welcomed from Cambodia as we expected it is.
Because of the difference situations and circumstances between Korea and Cambodia, the experiences that Korea went through in the past are not fitting into Cambodia’s current situation. in addition to that, Cambodia basically wants aid to be put into the sectors which immediate aid effectiveness can be seen.
As mentioned above, Korea’s ODA system to Cambodia is generally satisfying but still Cambodia sees that scale of aid from Korea is very limited and insufficient.
So if Korea keeps providing this amount of ODA and takes into consideration Korea’s own interests Cambodia will turn aside Korea’s ODA efforts to Cambodia.
 The critical problem pointed about Korea’s ODA is that communication channel between donor country and recipient country has not been settled yet. For example, Policy dialogue has not been institutionalized yet between Cambodia government (or local communities) and KOICA.
Because of this, Korea’s aid effectiveness can’t be transmitted to Cambodia government, Cambodia’s demands or requirements can’t be transmitted to Korean government.
Especially Cambodia government has been struggling to find out how Korean NGOs work in Cambodia. even though, Korean NGOs often have held many collaborated development projects in Cambodia their activities are not recognized well. KOICA has been playing a role of bridge between Korean NGO and Cambodia government but, lack of institutionalized policy dialogue, it is really difficult to communicate to share the information about those projects.
This research aims to suggests key ODA strategies to Cambodia for maximizing Korea’s ODA effectiveness as it below.
Current aid projects meets Cambodia’s development strategies though, compare to China, Japan, Korea needs to actively participate into core strategy Governance sector which has comparative advantage like efficient and fair administrative system building.
-Korea should take part in donor countries cooperation system like CDCF,GDCC,TWG.
-Korea’s general ODA strategy, apply selection and concentration principle into ODA and Cambodia should be the one to be selected and concentrated.
-In terms of ODA effectiveness, Government should not only promoting Government oriented Official Development Assistance but also consider supporting NGO oriented assistant projects.
-Before aid enforcement system, It is urgent to have integrated support system of grant aid and concessional loan through policy consultations between the ministry and office,
-To Take consider of Kore’s ODA scale, it is necessary to extend cooperate projects with other countries.
-PBA or Pre-PBA Aid system should be put in a practice
-Government should increase PPP Project budget to Cambodia and develop collaborate model fits into Cambodia

This study tries to deduce several key factors that enable successful science and technology official development assistance (ODA) for sustainable development of three ASEAN countries. For this purpose, the research team set up a noble and robust research framework that analyse science and technology (S&T) ODA for sustainable development. The framework includes three dimensions. 1) the issues of sustainable development and priority orders of those issues 2) evaluation on S&T capability 3) demand for S&T cooperation/ODA. The research team divides the issues of sustainable development into 18 fields and evaluate each field whether the field is in high demand of S&T cooperation, whether the field receives significant social importance and priority but lacks S&T capability to certain degree. The field is then identified as a promising field for Korean S&T cooperation to enhance ODA for sustainable development.
Therefore this report examines and presents three cases: Cambodia, Vetnam and Philippines in following manner. The capability of industrial S&T and the level of sustainable development is presented in each country case. In addition, the priority order of sustainable development issues (18 fields) and priority order of them for S&T cooperation is also presented. 
In sum, Cambodia is so concerned with environmental (water in particular) issues and health problems, upon this, these fields are of high demand for S&T cooperation. Therefore concentrating ODA effort on these fields could enhance effectiveness of ODA. In the case of Vetnam, they want to build technologically advanced small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and they specifically demand Korea's advanced technology of construction and transport system. Building new satellite cities of sophisticated sewage system with engaging local SMEs would be beneficial. As for Philippines, S&T cooperation should be directed to support poor people, for example, by providing cheap electricity to slums and derelict local villages.
In terms of four large classification of 18 fields, Cambodia picked the preservation of environment (36.7%) and sustainable economic development (36.6%) as top priorities, Vetnam counts sustainable economic development (52.4%) as top, Philippines picked sustainable economic development (34.8%) and Urbanization and poverty gap (34.6%) as most important.
The actual value of this study lies in suggesting analyzing framework for S&T ODA. In particular, the methodology enables to set priorities of S&T cooperation to achieve sustainable development of those developing ASEAN countries. However, the methodology also inherently restricted by the knowledge and scope of survey respondents. In the future wider sampling of diverse experts may increase the usefulness of this study.

This study attempts to find the implications for an effective operation of Korea's ODA policy in three Southeast Asian countries - Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos, which will hereafter be referred to as CLV. In particular, this study proposes some policy measures in enhancing the effectiveness of Korea's ODA policy on CLV focusing on human development through investment on education.
Mainly based on  statistical data and survey analysis, we found that low productivity of human capital caused by poor educational infrastructure and services has been a major factor behind the lower level of CLV’s economic development. The international community's efforts through ODA were also ineffective because of diseconomies of scale, lack of donor-recipient partnership, and lack of cooperative system among donor nations.
In sum, we propose following policy measures to make Korea's education ODA in CLV more effective: (1) build a cooperative system among related public institutions for more effective operation of CLV's human capital development, (2) retrain teachers in higher educational institutions in cooperation with private institutions such as universities and non-government organizations, (3) develop more practical educational services in vocational institutions in connection with private companies, and (4) strengthen ODA management system by means of establishing bilateral (between donor and recipient) or multilateral (among donor countries) cooperative mechanism.

 The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) is the oldest preferential trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region. It groups six countries under the agreement, including Bangladesh, China, India, Korea, Lao PDR and Sri Lanka, and contains more than 2 billion people in its coverage. Having different levels of development, APTA has shown slow progress in widening and deepening the agreement. The fact that, however, APTA contains the two most populous countries in the world, China and India, and connects countries in Southeast and East Asia, has led the rest of the world to develop a keen interest in the agreement. From Korea's strategic point of views, APTA has its importance as a stepping stone to get to Korea-China FTA; unlike other FTAs, in which radical tariff elimination is agreed upon, APTA pursue gradual tariff reduction. In this regards, APTA can give a chance to Korea to prepare the bilateral FTA with China.
The paper summarizes the development and meaning of APTA to Korean economy. We look at the economic interdependency among APTA member countries and the effectiveness of implementing the 3rd round of APTA. Also we provide Korea's strategic approach and suggestions to develop APTA in the future.

Executive Summary 

Abbreviations 

I. Introduction 

II. Overview of the German Renewable Energy Sector 
1. Energy Mix and Trends 
2. Increasing Demand for Renewable Energy Sources 

III. Renewable Energy Policy in Germany 
1. Policy Developments at the EU level 
2. Domestic Policy Developments and Opposing Views 
3. Evaluation of German Renewable Energy Policy 

IV. Korea’s Green Growth Strategy 
1. Policy Background 
2. Renewable Energy Policy 
3. Implications from the German Case 

V. Conclusion 

References

This study is to review Germany’s renewable energy policy in order to find out the implications for the development of Korea’s renewable energy policy. Germany has put a lot of efforts to develop and promote renewable energy sources. Such efforts led to enhancing energy self-sufficiency and pursuing environmental compatibility at the same time. The success of German renewable energy policy results from the introduction of feed-in tariffs, the promotion strategies for SMEs, and the diversification strategies of local communities. Most of all, in terms of security of supply, cost-efficiency and environmental compatibility in particular, the Electricity Feed-in Act (StrEG) and the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) have greatly contributed to promoting renewable energy sources. Korea, heavily dependent on energy import, is now taking various policy actions in order to achieve ‘Green Growth.’ The implications from the German experience would lead Korea to achieve the goal by successfully deploying renewable energies.

 
I. Introduction 

II. Empirical Strategy 

III. Data  

IV. Empirical Results 
1. Firm Heterogeneity and Multinationals’ Activities 
2. Firm Heterogeneity and Country Characteristics 
3. Firm Heterogeneity, Host Country Characteristics and Location Decision by Type of FDI 

V. Conclusion and Policy Implications 

References

This paper examines the role of firm heterogeneity in multinationals’ choice of FDI type and location. Using Korean firm-level data, we find that more productive firms are more likely than their less efficient counterparts to invest in tough markets and choose horizontal FDI against vertical or export-platform FDI across different host countries. These findings, consistent with the recent theories in international economics, suggest that firm heterogeneity may play a significant role in FDI strategy as well as location decision.