This study aims to introduce a preliminary research for Korea’s approach to Venezuelan oil sands, which will further provide feasible and practical policy measures. Korea’s expansion strategies, particularly, in conjunction with the current policy changes in Venezuela related to the energy industry were primarily analyzed. In fact, there are a number of obstacles and challenges that prevent Korea from easily advancing into oil sands in that the institutional and operational framework to run energy policies tends to be exclusive, and the strengthening of resource nationalism in the country still remains as a huge barrier.

However, at this present moment of 2011, changing and renovating energy policies as well as the institutional framework is an ongoing process, which signifies the gradual opening of the market. The first sign for this opening can be found in Chavez’s political agenda that domestically emphasizes resource naturalism with left-wing ideology while internationally maintains strong antagonism toward the Unites States. Anti-american foreign policy is one of the Chavez’s core foreign policies, enabling him to befriend and develop a closer relationship with Rusia, China, Iran, Iraq, and Cuba. Spontaneously, other countries are also allowed to participate in the development of the oil sector, resulting in a sort of the ballon effect.
The second reason depends on an economic factor that Venezuela lacks financial capital and technology. Chavez’s anti-american foreign policy basically has frozen the capital inflow and the technological support from the Unites States to develop oil sands. Although this decline has not severely affected Venezuela thanks to the rise of international oil prices and chinese investment, the problem of financial and technological shortage requires a long-term solution and strategy. From this perspective, Korea’s advanced technology of infrastructure development can offer a valuable opportunity for the country to advance into Venezuelan oil sands.
Thirdly, it must be considered the environmental security issue. The work of oil-producing generates serious environmental contamination for along time, including with oil sand product as well. In this regard, it is a great opportunity to approach Korea’s eco-innovation technology in the process of oil-sand product in Venezuela. The high technology of Korea and know-hows in Canada's experience will help to reduce contamination and make more secure development process.
This study came to a tentative conclusion that Korea is more apt to develop a long-term strategy and invest in the downstream sectors of the oil industry than to participate in the current development plan for Venezuelan oil sands. This is mainly because Korea has a high international competitiveness in the construction of infrastructure in relation to the refining, transportation, and sale process. Further and finally, Korea make great efforts with multi-level approaches, such as the sharing of korean development experience, infra-development and cooperation, enforcing of human network through diplomatic method, including reinforcement of socio-cultural interchange between Venezuela and Korea.

Today, the Brazilian economy is the seventh largest by purchasing power parity and the one of the world's fastest growing major economies. Korean government and enterprise make every effort to utilize the ‘Brazil Chance’. But our governments and private companies did't had informations about brazilian government organizations and functions. So that, the goal of this research is to propose alternatives to improve relationships of Korea and Brazil in intergovernmental relations (IGR). First, despite the absence of political reform, or any other change in the political institutions, Brazil turns centralized federalism into decentralized federalism in process of democratization. Second, Brazil have a multi-dimentional structure of federal, state and municipal in accordance with government organization law. Third, Dilma’administration try to cooperate with local government for sustainable development with measures of regional inequality, poverty reduction and Growth Acceleration Program (PAC). Fourth, Brazilian public procurement policies apply to purchases by government entities and state-owned companies. By Brazilian law, central and local government may not make a distinction between domestic and foreign companies during the tendering process.

In the last century, Latin American has been known for its explosive population growth. However, nowadays, the population growth rate has declined to the level where many Latin American countries such as Brazil and Mexico needs to worry its consequences. i.e. the ageing of population. Such demographic transition in Latin American not only means changes in its demographic structure but also will lead to some fundamental changes in the society. Therefore, it is critical to analyze Latin American demographic transition and possible challenges and responses posed by the transition. This study aims at analyzing demographic transition in Latin America. It consists of 5 chapter. The chapter 1 is a brief introduction to the research. The chapter 2 reviews the history of Latin American demographic transiton and its consequences. Also this chapter overviews the population structure of Latin America and its particularities. The chapter 3 discusses the changes in fertility and mortality. After providing the general picture of transformation in ferility and mortality in Latin America, this chapter analyzes some demographically important countries. In the chapter 4, migration, another important variable to determine changes in population, was discussed. Considering the fact that Latin America has the largest number of people emigrate to other parts of the world, migration has some meaningful effects on population transition. The chapter 5 discusses consequences of such changes in Latin American population structure in women’s participation in labor market as well as the growing elderly population. Also this chapter analyzes policy responses of Latin American countries to the demographic challenges. Finally in the conclusion, possible implications of demographic transition to Korean society.

Latin America not only possess abundant petroleum and natural gas but also holds key mineral resources, such as iron, copper, zinc, bauxite, lithium, and etc. Starting with Venezuela, the largest oil-producing country in the region, most of the Latin American countries including Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, have natural gas as well as metal and mineral resources.
As Latin America has emerged as a core target area to secure natural resources, both public and private investment in this region has been simultaneously increasing. Nevertheless, understanding the genuine nature of investment and relative legislation, which could create de facto benefits from investing activities and vitalize them, is still inadequate. This tendency derives mostly from the fact that previously-conducted researches would emphasize the acquisition of the general political, economic, societal, and cultural aspects of the targeted country. Based upon these antecedent studies, it is now essential to conduct an in-dept analysis of the legal framework for resource development in the Latin American region.
This study, in this context, aims to examine the composition and contents of various laws on resource development, focusing on three Latin American countries (Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador) that have high richness of natural resources.
A radical transformation in South American politics as of 2000 has brought about consequent changes in its business environment and resource-related legislation. This, in fact, signifies that unclear understanding of this ever-changing legal system can cause hardship to successful trade and investment.
By undertaking this research on analyzing the legal system that could guarantee a safety net for the future investors, this study is expected to improve the current condition of the passive investment in three countries due to high investment risk in despite of increasing interest in their resources. This study further seeks to provide guidelines for the government and private companies, which promote to branch out into various resource development projects in these countries, to establish profound investment strategies.
Venezuela, the number one oil-producing country in Latin America as well as the holder of rich natural gas, carried out a resource nationalism after Hugo Chávez came to power. Ever since, both domestic and foreign investment environments have confronted radical changes, and related laws and regulations have also turned into a new system. Venezuela still maintains its strong resource nationalism that ensures state's full ownership over country's natural resources legitimatized by the Hydrocarbon Law, enacted in 2001, and the Mining Law, enacted in 1999.
In the case of Bolivia, within the wave of political changes based on civil society since 2000, several political incidents, such as the enactment of the new Hydrocarbon Law in 2005, the emergence of Evo Morales, the first indigenous president in national history, in 2006, and the proclamation of the new Constitution in 2009, have accelerated the transformations of legal framework for the country. Regardless of international criticism of the Bolivia's enlargement of market obstructiveness built on resource nationalism, the country still has adhered to the direction of a state-oriented resource development.
Likewise, Ecuador, which has proven the sixth-largest natural gas reserves and the third-largest oil reserves in South America, has strengthen its resource nationalism on the basis of national sovereignty on natural resources since inauguration of Rafael Correa in 2007. Ecuador's new Mining Law of 2009 and the new Hydrocarbon Law of 2010 recognized nation's non-renewable natural resources (hydrocarbons and minerals) as a national strategic target, and elevated correspondingly state's control over them.
All three countries currently are not favorable to foreign investors in their resource development. Although the Investment Law of each country clearly indicates no sign of legislative discrimination against them, the actual laws in effect, such as the Hydrocarbon Law and the Mining Law, permits solely the state-owned companies to participate in the resource development activities.
It is, consequently, important to reduce investment risk that any of private investors or companies could face by means of achieving leading actions at the national level including inter-government agreements or joint-projects on resource development.

 In this report we provide in depth information on the anthropological study carried out and the distribution of Latin American immigrants and their experiences in Korea. Our research methods include a survey, interview, and participant observation carried out between June and November 2011. Data were gathered with the aim of finding ways for immigrants to develop social networks and to make better adjustments to life in Korea, and furthermore, to make suggestions for institutional aid and programs for immigrants.
This report consists of 6 chapters including the conclusion. Chapters 1 and 2 respectively provide general statistics on Latin American immigrants in Korea and characteristics of their immigration processes. Chapter 3 <The Process of Migration and Sociocultural Relations of Latin American Immigrants> comparatively examines the Japanese case and the Korean case of Latin American immigration. Through this comparison, the study clearly reveals the nature, meanings and impacts of Latin American immigration to Korea and sheds light on the importance of sociocultural factors for understanding the history of immigration, immigration processes, and immigrants' social adjustment in addition to economic factors. Chapter 4 <Latin American Expats' Sociocultural Adjustment in Korea> deals with the ways in which Latin American expats select adjustment strategies. While previous social scientific studies have tended to rely on quantitative analysis of expats' psychological adjustment and to deploy overgeneralized notions of sociocultural adjustment, this study utilizes qualitative methodology in order to pay more attention to the specifics of Latin American expats' experiences in Korea. The result of this study shows that Latin American expats in Korea select from among various strategies to adjust to Korean culture, depending on the nature of their job and where they live. Chapter 5 <An Analysis of Immigration Experience and Immigration Network according to status of sojourn> examined network formation and how it is used, and immigrants' experiences according to their status of sojourn. The result of this study shows that Latin American immigrants utilize different kinds of network and this tendency is visible in the process of immigration to Korea. In addition, Latin American immigration to Korea is characterized in this study as a family-based strategy rather than an individual strategy.
In conclusion, having conducted research on Latin American immigrants from various countries and of various visa types in Korea, we reached an understanding of some of the characteristics of Latin Americans' immigration process in Korea, sociocultural adjustment strategies, and sociocultural relations in Korea. This study contributes to an understanding of Latin American immigrants' statuses and roles in Korea, and aids in predicting their future path in Korea society. We suggest that it is necessary to improve qualitative aspects of immigrants' lives rather than to simply increase the number of immigrants in Korea; we also recommend that the Korean government develop policies to facilitate immigrants' positive experience of the overall process of immigration.

To design the cooperation strategy between Korea and Latin America, it is necessary to analyze the sectoral level of technological development of each Latin American country. However, as there is no universally accepted measure of technological development by sector, we adopted several indicators for the measurement, such as: number of BA/MA/Doctoral degrees awarded each year, R&D expenditure, publication of articles registered in SCOPUS, patents registered in US Patent and Trademark Office and the major companies which registered those patents, and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index.
The results of the analysis show that most Latin American countries have relatively high level of technological development in the areas of agriculture, biology, chemistry related science and technologies, and low level of development in electronics and computer related ones. However, Brazil and Mexico showed relatively high level of technological development in the areas of machinery and energy.
By purpose of cooperation, technological cooperation was divided into diplomatic cooperation purpose, joint research purpose, development cooperation and technology transfer purpose. By form of cooperation, it was divided into resources exchange cooperation, bridgehead securing cooperation, and base research cooperation.
With Brazil, which has a very high level of technological development in some areas, the main purpose of cooperation may be diplomatic purpose as well as joint research, and the areas of cooperation may be agriculture, energy, and aerospace. With Mexico, the cooperation in the areas of energy and machinery seems to be promising. With Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Peru, cooperation in the areas of biology, marine issues, and mineral resources is recommended. As for other countries with lower income, the cooperation may be more for the purpose of development cooperation and technology transfer in the areas of agriculture, food processing, and clothing sectors.