The discussion was mainly centered on the “expansion” of APEC. Professor John McKay outlined some of the major issues raised by the development of the ASEAN + 3 and the implications for APEC. One issue that was important in the late 1990s in the wake of the Asian crisis was the desire to create an exclusively Asian regional grouping, and this has been one of the tensions in the relations between APEC and APT. We may now be witnessing the emergence of a much broader Asian grouping through the agreement to hold an East Asian summit later this year. It has already been agreed that India will be invited to the meeting, and perhaps Australia and New Zealand. Thus we may be entering a new phase in the evolution of the APT framework. According to Penghong Cai, APEC has been focusing on non-traditional security issues giving more attention to human security. Penghong Cai argues that the concept of human security falls within a fundamental framework of security studies, basically an expanded range of traditional security meaning. We are indeed faced with more threats than ever before, and he understands that no APEC member after September 11 can stand alone in addressing these threats, no matter whether the economy is big or small, or strong or weak, in East Asia or in the other side of the Ocean. Combating terrorism has become a prime priority within APEC. One commitment should be made and carried out by the 2005 APEC economic leaders, creating both collective and individual action to fulfill the consensus reached on counter terrorism.