RESEARCH
Working Papers
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Social Policy Dilemmas under Decentralization and Federalism : The Case of Brazil
Lawrence S. Graham Date 1997.12.10
Political EconomyDownloadContentContents
Introduction
How Mobilization Outside the State Has Reshaped Brazilian Government
Brazil's Institutional Setting
Why Institutional Reforms Have Remained Incomplete
Grassroots Mobilization and Democratization
The Significance of State and Local Autonomy in Brazil
The Limits on Brazil's New Democracy
The Administration of Fernando Henrique Cardoso : An Interim Appraisal
국문 요약
Summary -
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The Analysis & Assessment of APEC Manila Action Plan with Special Reference to IAPs
At the Summit held in Subic Bay, Philippines in 1996, APEC Economic Leaders adopted the Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA) which materialized the trade and investment liberalization and facilitation efforts of APEC.MAPA consists o..
Chan-Hyun Sohn et al. Date 1997.12.03
Free TradeDownloadContentSummaryAt the Summit held in Subic Bay, Philippines in 1996, APEC Economic Leaders adopted the Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA) which materialized the trade and investment liberalization and facilitation efforts of APEC.
MAPA consists of three major parts: Individual Action Plans (IAPs), Collective Action Plans (CAPs), and the Declaration to Strengthen Economic and Technical Cooperation (Eco-Tech). IAPs specifies the voluntary plans of eighteen APEC member economies for trade and investment liberalization and facilitation in fourteen areas such as tariffs, non-tariffs, investments, customs procedures, intellectual property rights, and so on. CAPs specifies the trade and investment liberalization and facilitation measures that will be collectively pursued by the member economies. The declaration to strengthen Eco-Tech selects six areas of major focus: human resource development, capital markets, infrastructure, technology, the environment, and small and medium enterprises. MAPA has been effective since January 1st of 1997. Therefore, the trade and investment liberalization efforts of APEC are now being actively implemented.
The review of IAPs shows that member economies proposed various positive measures to be implemented in 14 areas of trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. Even though some member economies submitted more advanced action plans than others, current IAPs is a positive initial step towards the freer trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region. -
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