인도·남아시아

India has pledged to achieve net zero by 2070, which requires a reduction in CO₂ emissions and a shift towards clean energy. However, this shift will have fiscal implications, as revenue generated by fossil fuels (both tax and non-tax revenue in 2019–20) accounts for 3.2% of India’s GDP. This calls for the need to not only find alternative tax options to compensate for potential loss in revenues but also examine how these tax alternatives will impact economic efficiency, emissions intensity, and equity (E3). This study addresses the critical question of how the replacement of existing fossil fuel taxes with various indirect tax options will influence E3.