중동부유럽

Hungary is emerging from a period of shocks. The pandemic, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and crisis-related stimulus widened fiscal and external imbalances and triggered double-digit inflation in 2022. Thanks to an effective monetary policy response aided by falling commodity prices and a tighter fiscal stance in 2023, inflation came down significantly, while the labor market and financial sector remained resilient. A large current account deficit in 2022 turned into a surplus, and output is starting to recover. However, significant challenges remain. The fiscal deficit and public-debt-to GDP ratios are well above 2019 levels, and various windfall taxes have created investor uncertainty. Interest rate caps and subsidized lending measures have distorted market rates, and a significant state presence in key sectors impedes competition.