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  • 한-인도 항공·우주와 4차 산업 협력 연구
    Korea-India Aerospace and 4th Industry Cooperation Study

       Since the Fourth Industrial Revolution was mentioned at the World Economic Forum in 2016, it has become a key issue in the global industry, and policy responses have been accelerated, especially in developed and some ..

    BongHoon Kim et al. Date 2019.12.30

    ICT economy, economic cooperation
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    국문요약 


    제1장 서론
    1. 연구의 배경 및 목적
    2. 연구의 범위와 구성 및 방법
    3. 선행연구와의 차별성


    제2장 한-인도 항공·우주 분야 산업 현황 및 해외협력
    1. 국내 항공·우주 분야 산업 현황
    2. 인도 항공·우주 분야 산업 현황
    3. 국내 및 인도 항공·우주 분야 해외협력 현황
    4. 소결


    제3장 한-인도 항공·우주 산업 협력 현황
    1. 한-인도 항공·우주 분야 정책적 협력 현황
    2. 한-인도 항공·우주 분야 산업적 협력 현황
    3. 한-인도 항공·우주 4차 산업분야 협력 현황
    4. 소결


    제4장 한-인도 항공·우주 분야 산업 협력 매칭
    1. 전문가 인터뷰
    2. 전문가 설문
    3. AHP 평가
    4. 항공·우주 연관기업 매칭


    제5장 한-인도 항공·우주·4차 산업분야 협력 방향
    1. 한-인도 항공·우주·4차 산업분야 특징 및 협력분야
    2. 한-인도 항공·우주 및 4차 산업분야 협력 방향


    참고문헌


    부록


    Executive Summary
     

    Summary

       Since the Fourth Industrial Revolution was mentioned at the World Economic Forum in 2016, it has become a key issue in the global industry, and policy responses have been accelerated, especially in developed and some Asian countries. Korea has also responded to the 4th Industrial Revolution by forming a new industry promotion plan. However, in the field of traditional strength of domestic companies such as automobile, shipbuilding, and machine-related companies, each company is facing difficulties due to technological competitiveness with advanced countries and price competitiveness with China and Vietnam. The strong industrial sector in Korea is in need of securing competitiveness from a new perspective due to its weak linkage with the fourth industry. Therefore, it is necessary for Korea to respond more appropriately to the fourth industry and to secure and respond to the capabilities of related core technologies.
       The core technologies of the 4th industry are 3D Printing, IoT, Big Data / Cloud, AI, and Intelligent Robots. The five core technologies are areas that can create more synergy when linked with the aerospace space sector. This is because the core technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution are being used in drones, personal vehicle (PAV), space launch vehicles, and satellite industries.
       Korea has a competitive edge in the ICT industry, and has the basic industrial capacities linked with the core technologies of the 4th industry. However, the history of the aerospace industry is not long and the level of technology is not high. Therefore, it is necessary to secure industrial competitiveness and create synergy through linkage with overseas countries where the aerospace industry has developed.
       Among the countries where the aerospace industry has developed, India is one of ASEAN countries and targeted as win-win prosperity community policy. India, in particular, has long history of aerospace industry development and a high level of technology. Therefore, it is necessary to combine aviation and aerospace technologies with core technologies of the 4th industry through cooperation with India, thereby strengthening cooperation between domestic companies and securing competitiveness.
       Based on the above background, this study reviewed the status of aerospace industry, import/export status, the 4th industry related industries and companies in both Korea and India. Time span of the research is the last 10 years and expert interview, expert survey and AHP evaluation is conducted in order to set cooperation priority between the two countries and to draw more appropriate measures.
       According to review for current status of both countries, Korea has a shorter development time than that of India and the Korea has a large technology gap on the space technology level.  In the aerospace sectors, Korea relies heavily on imports of assembly but the parts industry has a competitive edge, and the satellite services and equipment sectors have developed relatively among other sectors. In the case of India, the aviation industry is characterized by the establishment of a regional center in a foreign country through a partnership between foreign aircraft companies that pays attention to India's R & D capabilities. The MRO industry and the transportation industry are also developed. As for the aerospace industry, India has grown to be one of the top aerospace countries in connection with defense policy, particularly in aerospace embedded software, and recently focuses on satellite and GPS systems.
       As a result of reviewing the current status of the 4th industry in both Korea and India, focusing on five core technologies, both countries are manufacturing aerospace / space components using 3D printing. However, IoT, big data / cloud, artificial intelligence, and intelligent robots are still in their early stages.
       On the other hand, overseas cooperation between Korea and India is in common that both countries cooperate heavily withthe United States, and India has a long history of cooperation with Russia as well as the United States. The policy / industrial cooperation between the two countries was promoted through the exchange of manpower and the consultation of practitioners based on the summit meeting. In the case of industrial cooperation, India is promoting 'Defence Production Policy 2018' to expand private investment, but industrial cooperation between the two countries is focused on the defense sector.
       In terms of cooperation in the field of utilization, the two countries are planning to strengthen cooperation in the 4th industrial sector through the summit meeting in early 2019, and are pursuing 'co-funding international joint technology development project' hosted by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.
       After reviewing current status of industry in both countries and expert interview,  there is a limit to promoting cooperation of aerospace sector in two countries by private companies because the aerospace sector and its related technology has security issues. Survey and AHP evaluation resulted that increased investment in policy cooperation, cooperation in aeronautical manufacturing (completer), manufacturing of aeroplane / 3D printing / satellite navigation, big data and cloud, in cooperation with Korean Air, bilateral cooperation are required. Target countries for export on the basis of cooperation between two countries are resultedd Indonesia were identified as Indonesia / Vietnam.
       For the future cooperation between the two countries, this study suggests the strategy on the basis of short, medium and long term classification.
       In the short term, advancement of MOU agreements, regular exchange of personnel, international joint research are required. In the medium term, the establishment of the Korea-India Aerospace Utilization Research Center, funding between the two countries are required. Finally, in the long term, it is necessary to jointly enter a third country where the aviation / space and utilization industries are in the increased demand through the establishment and operation of a joint venture between Korea and India. In this way, Korea will be able to secure competitiveness and strengthen its position in the 4th industry in connection with the development of the aviation / space sector.

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  • 가나의 수산분야 개발협력 방안 연구
    Korea’s Development Cooperation for Fisheries Sector in Ghana

       The purpose of this study is to contribute to the improvement of Ghana’s Country Partnership Strategy(CPS) and to the establishment of policies for development cooperation in the oceans and fisheries sector. Ghana ow..

    Deukhoon “Peter” Han et al. Date 2019.12.30

    economic development, economic cooperation
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    국문요약 


    제1장 서론
    1. 연구 배경 및 목적
     가. 연구 배경
     나. 연구 목적
    2. 연구 범위 및 방법
     가. 연구 범위
     나. 연구 방법
    3. 선행연구 검토 및 차별성


    제2장 가나의 국가 현황 및 개발전략
    1. 국가 현황과 특징
     가. 일반현황
     나. 정치·사회
     다. 경제
     라. 국제관계
    2. 가나의 국가개발전략
     가. 지속가능 국가경제발전 정책
     나. 가나 수산발전계획과 수산업 부문별 개발수요
     다. 가나 국가인프라계획(2018-2047)
     라. 가나 수산관리계획
     마. 가나 카누 조업구조 설문조사
    3. 가나의 수산업 현황
     가. 전 세계/아프리카 수산업 생산 일반현황
     나. 가나 수산업 생산 현황
     다. 가나 수산업 구조
     라. 가나 수산업 가치사슬에서의 여성의 역할
     마. 가나의 수산물 교역 현황
     바. 가나의 수산물 공급
     사. 가나 수산업의 이해관계와 기회
    4. IUU어업의 현황 및 문제점
    5. 가나 다랑어산업의 글로벌 가치사슬 분석
     가. 가치사슬 분석 개요
     나. 가나 다랑어산업의 가치사슬 분석 내용
    6. 소결 및 수산분야 시사점
     가. 외줄낚시어업의 구조조정 및 경쟁력 제고
     나. 다랑어 어업구조 변화에 따른 지역 파급 영향 대응 필요
     다. 다랑어 어업관리 인프라 강화


    제3장 가나 수산분야에 대한 국제사회의 개발협력
    1. 국제사회의 지원현황
     가. ODA 지원동향
     나. 수산분야 지원 현황
    2. 주요 공여국의 가나 수산분야 개발협력 현황
     가. 일본
     나. 미국
     다. 스페인
     라. 노르웨이
     마. 캐나다
     바. 중국
    3. 주요 국제기구의 가나 수산분야 개발협력현황
     가. 세계은행
     나. FAO
    4. 소결 및 시사점


    제4장 한국과 가나의 수산분야 개발협력 현황과 과제
    1. 한국과 가나 간 협력현황
     가. 한국과 가나 간 교역현황
     나. 對가나 투자현황
    2. 한국의 개발협력 일반현황
     가. 개발협력 정의
     나. 개발협력 정책방향
     다. 개발협력 추진체계
     라. 개발협력 추진현황
    3. 한국의 수산분야 개발협력 현황
     가. 규모 및 주요 지원분야
     나. 지원전략
    4. 한국의 수산분야 가나 지원현황
     가. 규모 및 주요 지원분야
     나. 지원전략
     다. 세부 사업 및 사업 평가 결과
    5. 한국의 對가나 타분야 지원 주요 시사점
     가. 농업분야 시사점
     나. 교육분야 시사점
     다. 기타 시사점
    6. 소결 및 시사점


    제5장 가나 수산분야 개발협력 방안
    1. 개발협력의 기본방향
    2. 세부 협력방안 및 우선순위
     가. 추진전략 목표 및 계획
     나. 세부 협력사업 방안
     다. 단계별 추진전략
     라. 협력유형
    3. 결론 및 정책제언


    참고문헌

    Summary

       The purpose of this study is to contribute to the improvement of Ghana’s Country Partnership Strategy(CPS) and to the establishment of policies for development cooperation in the oceans and fisheries sector. Ghana owns an affluent fishing area in western Africa, and along with Senegal has served as one of the base camps for Korean deep-sea fishing industry during the last 50 years. Despite Ghana's national importance to Korea, very few systematic studies have been conducted on ODA projects in the fisheries sector based on the demand for development cooperation in Ghana. No research has been made to identify new projects and efficiently pursue developed projects. Therefore, there is a strong need to pursue research on development cooperation projects in the fisheries and aquaculture sector which can actively reflect the interests of Ghana.
       To this end, this study analyzed the current situation of the fisheries industry in Ghana through relevant databases and on-site visit survey, also analyzing current directions in the international community development cooperation support areas. In addition, the study identified the current status of trade, investment and human exchanges between Korea and Ghana, and conducted an analysis together with Ghana’s local experts on cases of support provided in other areas for the country. Further case studies were conducted on future support for the fisheries business by reflecting the assessment results of previous projects. Building on the results of these analyses, the basic direction of development cooperation and specific development cooperation plans with detailed projects were proposed.
       According to the results of our study, the fisheries sector is a very important industry in Ghana. The extent to which the fisheries industry contributes to Ghana's GDP is estimated to be at least 4.5 percent. The fisheries industry is directly and indirectly linked to the livelihoods of 2.5 million people, which is about 10 percent of all Ghana's population. It is also very important in terms of food security, accounting for 60 percent of the population's animal protein supply. In response, the Ghanaian government is working to promote the fisheries industry strategically by establishing the "2017-2024 Economic and Social Development Policy Program.” The biggest problems in Ghana's fisheries industry now are the depletion of fisheries resources, lack of processing capacity, education, support systems for small-scale fishers, and efforts to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
       It has been confirmed that the international community has conducted various support programs for Ghana. The programs include the convergent and comprehensive programs in the oceans and fisheries sector. From 2002 to 2017, Ghana's fisheries aid accounted for 0.3 percent of the total aid and 3.5 percent of total aid in the agricultural and fisheries sector. Ghana's largest bilateral aid partner in the fisheries sector is Japan, followed by Spain, the United States and Norway. South Korea ranked sixth, providing about $71,000 in aid. However, only a very limited range of projects were carried out, such as the KOICA’s master degree course in fisheries and the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries’s Fisheries Infrastructure Support Project. Ghana's major multilateral cooperation agencies in the fisheries sector were led by the FAO and World Bank. The results of our analysis suggest that the FAO's projects have been particularly effective. Overall, the fisheries sector still accounts for only a small portion of Korea's ODA. However, when analyzing the overall trend, it becomes evident that ODA in the fisheries sector of Africa is of considerable importance. Up to now, Korea has conducted no loan programs in the fisheries sector. Instead most of the projects in the fisheries sector were training programs for government employees, capacity building and simple material support projects. Recently, it was confirmed that the government is diversifying the target of training from government officials to local fishers and is making efforts to enhance the effectiveness of these projects by transferring management technologies while pushing forward with the project.
       In the future, it will be necessary to combine the existing areas of cooperation with those of the oceans and fisheries sectors in Ghana. Potential new grant or loan projects could include the construction of a fishing port in Lake Volta, projects to reduce poverty in fishing villages, or various capacity-building projects through the establishment of fisheries education institutes such as maritime school education programs with ships donated for training purposes. Korea's grant aid projects in the fisheries sector concentrate on capacity development projects for the sustainable development of Ghana's fisheries industry. This is why Korea has a comparative advantage in capacity-building sectors, which can include fisheries technology transfer. In addition, government-private partnership projects can push ahead with projects to protect marine resources in the coastal region of the Gulf of Guinea.
       In view of the importance of the fishing industry in Ghana, and the need to support local small-scale fishers and women fishers, the Korean government should select the fisheries industry as one of the CPS-focused major cooperation areas, as in the case of Senegal, and should dramatically increase support for Ghana’s fisheries sector. The ODA projects which Korea has provided to Ghana so far cannot be seen as actually contributing to sustainable development in terms of their quantity or quality, nor the economic development in Ghana, and thus need to be improved. Efficiency is expected to double if implemented in cooperation with other countries and international organizations with successful implementation experience. In addition, it is difficult to expand the scale of ODA projects in the fisheries sector as legal provisions on the formation of the International Development Cooperation Committee (Article 7 of International Development Cooperation Framework Act) have not been revised to include the Minister for Oceans and Fisheries explicitly(Article 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the International Development Cooperation Framework Act). The Decree should be revised as soon as possible.
       While there has been some general study on the Korean fishing industry and cooperation in global waters, in-depth analysis of the fisheries industry in specific countries and the excavation of related development cooperation projects based on it have been very rare. Starting with this study, there is a need to continue research on development cooperation projects in major African countries, Asian countries, Latin America, as well as Small Islands Developing Countries in the South Pacific.

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  • 캄보디아의 환경분야 개발협력 방안 연구:SDGs 연계성을 고려한 환경적 지속가능성 제..
    Korea’s Development Cooperation for Environment in Cambodia: Enhancing Environmental Sustainability by Examining SDG Interlinkages

       The Kingdom of Cambodia (hereinafter Cambodia) is one of Korea’s priority partner countries for official development assistance (ODA) in accordance with Korea’s second Mid-term Strategy for Development Cooperation f..

    Hoseok Kim et al. Date 2019.12.30

    economic development, economic cooperation
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    국문요약 


    제1장 서론
    1. 배경 및 필요성
    2. 선행연구 검토 및 차별성
    3. 연구 방법 및 구성


    제2장 캄보디아의 국가 및 환경 현황
    1. 국가 현황
    2. 환경 현황 및 환경정책
    3. 환경분야 국제협력
    4. 시사점


    제3장 캄보디아 환경 도전과 SDGs 연계성
    1. 캄보디아의 환경 도전
    2. 2. 환경 도전의 SDGs 상호연계성
    3. 시사점


    제4장 한ㆍ캄보디아 개발협력과 환경
    1. 한ㆍ캄보디아 개발협력
    2. 환경분야 지원 현황
    3. 환경분야 개발협력 성과 및 평가


    제5장 한ㆍ캄보디아 환경분야 개발협력 방안
    1. 기본 방향
    2. 개발협력 추진 방안
    3. 협력사업 제안


    참고문헌


    부록


    Executive Summary

    Summary

       The Kingdom of Cambodia (hereinafter Cambodia) is one of Korea’s priority partner countries for official development assistance (ODA) in accordance with Korea’s second Mid-term Strategy for Development Cooperation for 2016 to 2020. Based on the Korean government’s Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), Korea’s development cooperation with Cambodia focuses on transportation, water management, health and hygiene, education and agricultural development. Although water management is one of the priority cooperation areas, Korea’s development cooperation in the environmental sector is limited.
       This research studies Korea’s development cooperation in Cambodia in the environment sector. Cambodia’s national environmental strategies and policies were reviewed together with development cooperation projects from major ODA donor countries, international societies and institutions. We also identify environmental challenges within Cambodia based on available resources and a workshop which included representatives from the National Council for Sustainable Development, Ministry of Environment, Royal Academy of Cambodia, among others. The identified environmental challenges in Cambodia include: 1) forestry, 2) water and hygiene, 3) waste, 4) climate change and greenhouse gas emission and 5) atmospheric environment.
       In addition, the research identified how Cambodia’s environmental challenges are interconnected with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This was analyzed using the SDG Interlinkages Analysis & Visualisation Tool (V.3) developed by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. The analysis of the environmental challenges illustrates the synergies and conflict effects that could potentially occur depending on the interactions between the different goals and indicators of Cambodia’s SDGs.
       In conclusion, the research suggests the future direction of development cooperation for the environment in Cambodia. Fundamentally, development cooperation between Korea and Cambodia in the environment sector should reflect and be in line with Korea’s New Southern Policy, which seeks to expand cooperation with the member states of the ASEAN including Cambodia. In addition, based on the review of Cambodia’s environmental challenges and the SDGs interlinkage analysis, the research suggests four areas for development cooperation for the environment between Korea and Cambodia: 1) support for the establishment of environmental policies and institutions, 2) capacity building and technological support, 3) additional financing, and 4) enhancing existing development cooperation based on the SDGs interlinkage analysis. Furthermore, development cooperation projects in the areas of forestry, water and sanitation, waste, climate change and atmospheric environment are suggested considering the SDGs interlinkage analysis.

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  • 푸틴과 러시아 극동개발 20년 : 한-러 극동 협력 심화를 위한 新방향 모색
    Development of the Russian Far East in 20 Years of the Putin Era: Seeking New Directions for Deepening Cooperation between Korea and Russia

       This book is the outcome of a joint research project commemorating the 15th anniversary of the establishment of the cooperative relationship between the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) and the..

    Joungho Park et al. Date 2019.12.30

    economic relations, economic cooperation
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    제1장 서언

     

    제2장 푸틴 시기(2000~17) 러시아 극동개발 정책

    1. 1(2000~07) 극동개발 정책

    2. 2(2008~11) 극동개발 정책

    3. 3(2012~17) 극동개발 정책

     

    제3장 러시아 극동지역의 투자 여건과 발전 전망

    1. 극동지역의 사회ㆍ경제적 변화와 과제

    2. 극동지역의 주요 투자 프로그램 이행 현황

    . 극동개발기금의 설립과 인프라 및 산업생산 부문 투자

    . 선도개발구역(TAD)과 국가별ㆍ부문별 극동 투자

    . 투자 플랫폼의 확대와 중국 주도의 극동 투자

    3. 극동지역의 선도개발구역 정책과 극동개발공사의 역할

    4. 극동지역의 장기 발전 전망 

     

    제4장 러시아 극동개발과 주변국 협력

    1. 러시아와 중국

    . 러시아-중국 간 투자 및 교역 현황 평가

    . 서방의 경제제재와 러시아-중국 관계 변화

    . 중국-러시아 극동 간 인프라ㆍ에너지ㆍ농업 부문 협력

    2. 러시아와 남북한

    . 부침을 거듭한 러시아-북한 관계

    . 러시아-북한 간 인프라 현황과 계획

    . 유엔제재와 러시아-북한 간 노동 협력의 전망

    . --3각 협력

    3. 러시아와 일본

    . 푸틴-아베 정상회담과 러-일 협력의 새로운 변화

    . 영토 문제와 경제협력의 새로운 접근법

     

    제5장 푸틴 집권 4기 극동 정책의 새로운 변화와 주요 내용

    1. 극동연방관구의 주도 이전

    2. 자바이칼 변강 및 부랴트 공화국의 극동연방관구 편입

    3. 동방국가계획센터(Vostokgosplan)의 설립

    4. 극동연방관구의 북극개발 업무 관장

    5. 북극개발과 극동개발 간의 상호 연계성 강화

    6. 극동연방관구의 북극 관할과 주요 연방주체들의 이해관계

    7. ‘극동 헥타르프로그램의 목표와 현실

     

    제6장 결어: 한-러 극동 협력 심화를 위한 정책 제언

     

    참고문헌

    Executive Summary


    Summary

       This book is the outcome of a joint research project commemorating the 15th anniversary of the establishment of the cooperative relationship between the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) and the Institute for Economic Research of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ERI).
       As is well known, the year 2020 will mark the 30th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Korea and Russia. Therefore, it is time for the two countries to prepare for the “2.0 Era of Korea-Russia Cooperation” while comprehensively evaluating existing achievements and tasks. In particular, in order to build a sustainable relationship  between the two countries, it is necessary to establish a strategic contact point between Korea’s New Northern Policy and Russia’s new Eastern policy, which can be realized through bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the Far East.
       In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to understand the main directions, key objectives, and political and economic implications of Russia’s policies in the Far East, which have been strategically pursued since the launch of Putin’s fourth term, and to explore new opportunities and possibilities for development cooperation in the Far East.
       We hope that this book will serve as a useful guide to open a new path for Far East development cooperation marking the 30th anniversary of Korea-Russia diplomatic relations.
     

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  • 중국의 창업생태계 발전전략과 정책 시사점
    China’s Startup Ecosystem Policy and Implications

       The Chinese government is moving toward a qualitative growth model in the era of “New Normal,” transitioning from the existing quantitative growth model. In line with the transition, since 2015 the Chinese governmen..

    Sangbaek Hyun et al. Date 2019.12.28

    economic development, economic cooperation
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    국문요약 


    제1장 서론
    1. 연구의 배경 및 필요성
    2. 연구의 범위와 구성
    3. 선행연구와의 차별성


    제2장 중국의 창업 현황 및 정책
    1. 중국의 창업 발전 현황
    2. 중국의 창업 지원 정책: ‘대중창업, 만중혁신’을 중심으로
    3. 분야별 지원 정책


    제3장 중국의 창업생태계 분석: 구성원별 역할 및 특징
    1. 중앙정부 및 지방정부
    2. 대기업 및 선도기업
    3. 정부인도기금과 VC
    4. 대학 및 연구기관


    제4장 중국의 창업생태계 구축 사례 분석
    1. 지방정부 사례
    2. 대기업 사례
    3. 정부기금 사례
    4. 신형연구기관 사례


    제5장 결론 및 시사점
    1. 요약 및 결론
    2. 정책적 시사점
    3. 한중 창업 협력방안


    참고문헌


    Executive Summary

    Summary

       The Chinese government is moving toward a qualitative growth model in the era of “New Normal,” transitioning from the existing quantitative growth model. In line with the transition, since 2015 the Chinese government has been implementing a strategy of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation,” which involves building a startup ecosystem in order to solve youth unemployment and create new growth engines. Thanks to the success story of China’s BAT (Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent) and these new policies by the Chinese government, the startup entrepreneurship boom in China has grown rapidly, together with an explosive expansion of infrastructure and platforms for startups. In this report, we analyze China’s Startup Ecosystem policy, and examine in detail the roles and characteristics of each component of the Chinese startup ecosystem. Based on the results of the analysis, we draw the policy implications for Korea and startup cooperation between Korea and China.
       This report consists of four main contents: the current status of China’s startup ecosystem, related policies, an analysis of the ecosystem and a case study. Chapter 2 is a status analysis, and section 1 of the chapter mainly analyzes the development status of China’s startup ecosystem dividing the international and domestic aspects. It is confirmed that China’s startup ecosystem began to rapidly develop around 2015 when the Chinese startup policy was first implemented.
       Sections 2 and 3 are a policy analysis, and mainly analyze the main contents of the Major Entrepreneurship Innovation and policy by sector. In section 2, the entrepreneurship policy was analyzed based on the government documents related to the “Efforts of Mass Entrepreneurship,” the master plan for establishing an entrepreneurship ecosystem proposed in 2015. There are differences in policy-driven policies by period. Initially, it was promoted by focusing on establishing the foundation for the business ecosystem, such as improving the business environment, building a platform, and revitalizing the start-up investment market. In section 3, we reviewed the Chinese start-up policy by sector. China’s startup ecosystem policy includes various contents such as deregulation, improvement of business environments, platform construction, funding of entrepreneurship, conversion of entrepreneurship education, and commercialization of science and technology.
       Chapter 3 analyzes the roles and characteristics of each actor of the government, corporations, government funds, VCs, universities and research institutes that make up the Chinese startup ecosystem. Chapter 4 analyzes the start-up ecosystem established by local governments, corporations, national extradition funds, and new research institutes through case analysis. We analyze the main cases of establishing a startup ecosystem, focusing on the cases of Zhongguancun, Tencent, Haier, government fund and the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT).
       Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of our study and implications. In section 1, we evaluate China’s entrepreneurship ecosystem and forecast future Chinese startup policies and markets. Section 2 suggests the implications of the Chinese startup ecosystem development strategy for Korea such as: promoting startup policies in connection with the establishment of a national innovation system, establishing a control tower dedicated to startup policies, applying the principle of “pre-enforcement post-regulation” for new business models, establishing a private entrepreneurship support platform, promoting support plans by startup development stage, market-oriented startup education, and promoting science and technology achievement transfer.
       Lastly, section 3 discusses the startup cooperation plans between Korea-China. In particular, as China is expected to develop innovative start-ups based on science and technology, the cooperation of innovative start-up ecosystems is emphasized.
     

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  • Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Sustaining the Momentum
    Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Sustaining the Momentum

       The Northeast Asia Economic Forum (NEAEF) is a regional nongovernmental organization created in 1991 to sponsor and facilitate research, networking, and dialogue relevant to the economic and social development of Nort..

    Edited by Lee-Jay Cho and Hyung-Gon Jeong Date 2019.12.28

    economic integration, economic cooperation
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    Content

    Contributors

     

    Introduction and Overview / Lee-Jay Cho


    Remarks from Host Institution, Cooperating Host Institution and Country Representatives
    Welcoming Remarks from Host Institution / Dong Sung Cho
    Welcoming Remarks from Cooperating Host Institution / Ganbold Baasanjav
    Country Representative Remarks: Republic of Korea / Kwan-Young Park
    Country Representative Remarks: China / Fan Xiaoyun
    Country Representative Remarks: United States / Stephen Cowper
    Country Representative Remarks: Japan / Yasuo Tanabe
    Country Representative Remarks: Russia / Pavel Minakir

    Country Representative Remarks: Mongolia / Gankhuyag Sodnom


    Contents


    Part I. Building a Northeast Asia Economic Community and Its Extended Regions
    The Asian Financial Cooperation Association (AFCA) / Wang Guoping
    Northeast Asia Economic Community Formation and Russia’s Input / Sergei Sevastianov


    Part II. Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia
    Talking to North Korea / Glyn Ford
    The North Korean Economy and Special Economic Zones / Anthony Michell


    Part III. Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia
    Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia / Yutaka Funada
    Should a Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development Include Financing for the Arctic? / Mead Treadwell
    Some Considerations in Establishing the NEABCD / Jai-Min Lee
    Understanding the World, Understanding the Region, and Understanding Financial Cooperation / Fan Xiaoyun


    Part IV. Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia
    Comments on Energy Technology and Policy Trajectories / Terry Surles
    State of Renewable Energy and Planning of Cross-Border Transmission in Northeast Asia / Yoshiki Iinuma
    Northeast Asia Power Interconnection and Cooperation / Sung Eun Kim
    Improving Grid and Community Resiliency Using Advanced Microgrids with Distributed Generation / Mike Hightower
    The ‘Carbon Free Island’ Plan / Hesub Rho


    Part V. Tourism Cooperation in Northeast Asia
    Integrated Resorts Overview: Summary of Presentations by Khalil Philander and Ray Cho / Ray Cho
    Medical and Cultural Tourism Overview: Summary of Presentations by Ki-Eun Jung and Zhu Jipeng / Ray Cho
    Efforts to Establish an International Ferry Service for Northeast Asia Tourism Development / Ikuo Mitsuhashi
     

    Summary

       The Northeast Asia Economic Forum (NEAEF) is a regional nongovernmental organization created in 1991 to sponsor and facilitate research, networking, and dialogue relevant to the economic and social development of Northeast Asia. NEAEF is also committed to promoting understanding and relations among the peoples of Northeast Asia, North America, and Europe.
       NEAEF’s main objective is to conduct research and conference activities aimed at functional economic cooperation such as cross-border energy, transportation and logistics infrastructure development, and capital mobilization. NEAEF holds annual conferences, workshops, and seminars for planning, facilitating, coordinating, and implementing international and interdisciplinary solutions to common policy problems. It is the only nongovernmental regional organization in which all the nations of Northeast Asia and the United States are consistent and active participants.
       Over the years, NEAEF has been promoting regional economic cooperation and integration in Northeast Asia aimed at building a Northeast Asia Economic Community. Despite some interruptions, there has been significant progress among the countries in the region except for North Korea (DPRK), which has been the critical gap in an otherwise productive network of dynamic regional economic growth.
       After alarming political tensions resulting from a series of nuclear and missiles tests by North Korea, a dramatic change took place last year in the historic summit between US President Donald Trump and North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un, providing the Northeast Asia region with both challenges and opportunities for minimizing the risk of military confrontation and war. This year, however, the prospect for rapid progress in the de-nuclearization of DPRK has considerably slowed due to subsequent summits and meetings which were not so successful.
       In this context, nevertheless, NEAEF continued its effort began in 1991, toward peace and economic cooperation in Northeast Asia by implementing conference and meeting activities in 2019. These activities are aimed at regional economic integration and thus prepare a meaningful basis and foundation for a potential next step in realizing the goal of building a Northeast Asia Economic Community.
       As in previous years, NEAEF is continuing to fulfill the need for timely and forward-looking research and meetings by focusing on  critical issues, such as 1) discussion and emphasis on connectivity in cross-border infrastructure developments involving North Korea as an integral part of a broader regional economic community in Northeast Asia, and 2) establishment of the proposed Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development (NEABCD). NEAEF has over the years developed a more cohesive basis for a strong network for functional economic cooperation through regular discussions and consultations among stakeholder country experts.
       For the year 2019, the NEAEF, in collaboration with KIEP, focused on the following topics:
       ● Building a Northeast Asia Economic Community and Its Extended Regions
       ● Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia
       ● Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia
       ● Tourism Cooperation in Northeast Asia
       ● Financial Cooperation and the proposed development bank for  Northeast Asia
       Annual Conference and Meeting Activities:The Planning Meeting for Regional Cooperation and Strategies for a Northeast Asia Economic Community
       The meeting was held during 21-23 April 2019 in Honolulu, Hawaii, and was organized in collaboration with KIEP and the University of Hawai‘i College of Social Sciences. The plan for major meeting activities was reviewed and discussed: 1. Ad-Hoc Group Meeting on Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia Stake Holder Countries of China, Japan, and Korea on June 14th, 2019, in Osaka, Japan; 2. The 28th Annual Northeast Asia Economic Forum; and 3. Young Leaders’ Training Program (YLP).
       At the planning meeting, participants agreed that the conference in 2019 will focus on strengthening  functional economic cooperation among the principal stakeholder countries of China, Japan and Korea, and will cover broad as well as specific, topics such as cross-border infrastructure and development and trade, a regional financial institution in Northeast Asia, aimed at a future Northeast Asia Economic Community. The topics will include:
       1. Discussion of relevant issues that will provide the basic foundation for a future Northeast Asian Economic Community
       2. Examination of current issues in functional economic cooperation in the Northeast Asian region by the countries of Northeast Asia and particularly, the stakeholder countries, China, Japan and Korea, in the context of future financial cooperation through the proposed Northeast Asia Development Bank (NEABCD)
       3. Providing wider perspectives from North America, Russia and Mongolia on the Korean Peninsula for future economic cooperation through a regional financial mechanism
       NEAEF, with support from the Freeman Foundation, has been conducting its annual Young Leaders Training and Research Program in Regional Cooperation and Development since 2006. NEAEF is planning to conduct its 14th Young Leaders Program (YLP) from July 28 to August 10, 2019 in collaboration with UNESCAP/NEA and Incheon National University.
       The Ad Hoc Group Meeting on Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia & Pre-G20 Planning Meeting on Establishing a Northeast Asia Bank for Cooperation and Development: Summary
       1. Update on Current Situation in Japan
       Maeda Tadashi explained that the independent study group led by Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi and other key experts on the Korean peninsula consolidated their works into a proposal and summited it to Yoshihide Suga, the chief cabinet secretary of Japan. Mr. Maeda discussed the building block approach for economic cooperation in Northeast Asia and added that the blocks should be put together by the hands of the leaders of the region. Japan has changed its skeptical posture to one prepared for financial cooperation in Northeast Asia.
       Referring to the “America First” slogan and Brexit, he observed that this trend toward fragmentation of the world will lead to the US and UK losing influence, but it will make the discussion on integration in Northeast Asia more meaningful. He also described the Northeast Asia region as a missing link in terms of economic cooperation. North Korea is the major concern in the region and the Japanese government’s position has been that solving three things—denuclearization, the abduction issue, and missiles—must come first in order to normalize diplomatic relations. In this context, Mr. Maeda said that the discussion on financial cooperation in Northeast Asia and establishment of the NEABCD would be useful to prepare an institutional framework for the region, and eventually for North Korea. He concluded that this Osaka meeting could contribute to exploring ways to improve the serious deadlock between Japan and South Korea.
       2. Chinese Perspective
       Fan Xiaoyun, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and professor & associate dean of Nankai University, briefly explained the continuous efforts of Nankai University in researching financial cooperation in Northeast Asia and emphasized that cooperation is the best way to overcome the challenges that the region is facing now. Like the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the “Belt and Road” initiative, cooperation is the necessary path for economic development in the long run, especially for the Northeast Asian region because of complicated geopolitical matters. The region needs the NEABCD as a platform for regional cooperation and economic integration through the support of cross-border infrastructure projects. For cooperation within the region, she suggested four things: 1. the establishment of a cooperation mechanism for local governments of China, Japan, and Korea; 2. the establishment of a joint education and research base; 3. the initiation of an official communication mechanism; and 4. further financial cooperation beyond the NEABCD.
       Ming Liu, associate professor of Nankai University, added further information on China’s situation regarding the establishment of the NEABCD. As a channel to solve the trade conflict between China and the US, China wants to reinforce the trade relationship with Japan and Korea. Referring to the words of Mr. Zhou Xiaochuan, a former president of the Central Bank of China, China is making an effort to increase governance transparency and reduce trade subsidies. He mentioned that we should keep an optimistic view on Northeast Asia’s future. Moreover, the NEABCD and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) could coexist and enhance communication between the governments of China, Japan, and Korea is necessary. Regarding the North Korea issue, he noted that interests could be united under the same channel: infrastructure.
       3. US Perspective
       Mead Treadwell, former lieutenant governor of the State of Alaska, has been working with the Arctic nations, including Japan, Korea, China, and Singapore regarding the Arctic Circle based on the argument that the arctic can do nothing without these partner countries. He explained the potential roles of the Arctic region: feed the world, fuel the world, provision the world, protect the world, connect the world, inspire the world, and the fact that these activities are directly linked to the markets in Asia. While the Arctic is deficient in infrastructure, traditional development banking is less likely because most Arctic nations are typically donor nations. As an alternative, he suggested cooperative financing mechanisms on global infrastructure, energy, and mineral projects, and gave three illustrative examples of cooperative financing mechanisms: Cooperative Arctic Seaways, LNG export from the Arctic, and Rail connection between Alaska and Canada. The development of infrastructure in the Arctic area is directly tied to Northeast Asia and there has been effort to make sure that Asia is included in the Arctic Circle by encouraging the study group in the Japanese Diet and actively supporting cooperation in research. He concluded that it would be difficult to discuss the idea of developing a new regional bank for cooperation without understanding the Arctic.
       4. Korean Perspective
       Jae-Hyung Hong, the former deputy prime minister of the Republic of Korea, emphasized that it is time for Northeast Asian countries to make every effort to prevent current turbulence in the region and there are two key issues that are heightening the tension within Northeast Asia: the US-China trade war and no improvement in North Korea’s denuclearization. The G20 summit in Osaka will be important to ease current tensions and must adopt a declaration of maintaining free trade while avoiding self-defeating protectionism. Mr. Hong reiterated the importance of creating the NEABCD and suggested that member countries should work together to prepare for economic aid for North Korea to ease tensions and eventually facilitate North Korea’s economic normalization.
       Jai-Min Lee, professor of Korea Maritime University and the former vice president of the Korea Export-Import Bank, pointed out that it became more difficult to put the NEADB issue on the government negotiation table between South Korea, Japan, and China because of the unfavorable political environment around the region. However, two suggestions were made as the region should keep preparing for the establishment of the NEADB with the expectation that the NEA situation will improve. The first suggestion was to initiate multinational research on the NEADB framework, and the second was to launch a financial cooperation council between the national banks: JBIC of Japan and Exim banks of Korea and China, based on past experience of cooperation between the three banks.
       5. European Perspective
       Glyn Ford, the director of Track2Asia, explained the current political situation and the role of the European Union. He insisted that it is obvious that things have been changed since the Hanoi summit and the only way to proceed is for both the United States and North Korea to build a multilateral framework within which they cooperate, referring to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the Iran deal, and the infrastructure program for North Korea. He also mentioned that the EU showed a willingness to engage regarding the North Korea issue in terms of providing technical expertise and investment; reference was made to the speech at the Shangri-La Dialogue by Federica Mogherini, high representative of the Union for foreign affairs and security policy.
       In the panel discussion, Tae Soo Kang, senior research fellow at KIEP and the former deputy governor of the Bank of Korea, shared his thoughts on the establishment of NEABCD, on differences between NEABCD and the existing development banks with respect North Korea’s access, and how the NEADB might be one way to approach the North Korea problem.
       Maeda Tadashi pointed out that this issue of NEABCD has arisen because of the shortcomings of the existing Asian Development Bank (ADB) in terms of dealing with the problems that Northeast Asia is facing. He also outlined his idea on the NEABCD dealing with cross-border infrastructure projects like the Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI). Regarding the concept of NEABCD, it was proposed that not only central governments, but also provincial, municipal governments should be part of it in order to solve the problem of income gap between metropolitan and local areas within one country. Moreover, the starting point for the building block approach is cooperation between China and Japan, as this bilateral relationship is improving.
       Ming Liu explained that a new type of development bank will benefit not only developing countries, but also developed countries like Japan and Korea.
       Mead Treadwell recommended that the Northeast Asia area be described as a significant strategic opportunity, similar to what Alaska has done to convince global investors that the Arctic should be viewed as an emerging market with better than average returns. He emphasized the need to provide a better macroeconomic snapshot. He also mentioned that North Korea is an obvious special case, but that we should proceed as if it is not the lynchpin.
       The 28th Annual Conference of the Northeast Asia Economic Forum
       The 28th Annual Conference of the Northeast Asia Economic Forum (NEAEF) was held in Incheon, Republic of Korea during August 7-10, 2019. It was hosted by Incheon National University, in cooperation with University of Hawaii College of Social Sciences, UN ESCAP-NEA, and others. Leaders and experts from China, Japan, Mongolia, Russia, the Republic of Korea, the United States, Canada, and the European Union gathered to advance the NEAEF mission of promoting economic cooperation and peace in Northeast Asia. The 2019 annual conference addressed the increased importance of continuing dialogue and cooperation in the region in light of additional indications of interest in North Korea and new infrastructure developments that carry the opportunity for supporting the integration and development of Northeast Asia, the significant role of financial cooperation in terms of a regional multilateral development bank, tourism cooperation, and energy and the environment. The wide range of topics highlights the vast potentia   l for cooperation in Northeast Asia and made for this year’s engaging conference.
       The conference was officially opened by Lee-Jay Cho, Chairman of the NEAEF, who warmly welcomed the distinguished guests and participants and thanked the host institution, Incheon National University, and NEAEF’s partner organizations for making the conference possible. He extended special appreciation to UN ESCAP-ENEA for hosting and providing the venue for the 2019 Young Leaders Program (YLP) at its offices, in most accommodating settings that greatly facilitated the YLP.
       Welcoming remarks were made on behalf of the host institution by Dong-Sung Cho, president of Incheon National University. This was followed by remarks from the cooperating host institution, the UN ESCAP-ENEA made by Ganbold Baasanjav, head of office, UN ESCAP-ENEA and former ambassador of Mongolia to the Republic of Korea. Remarks were then made by the country representatives: Park Kwan-Young, former speaker of the National Assembly, Republic of Korea and president of the National Development Institute; Fan Xiaoyun, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Conference, professor and associate dean, School of Finance, Nankai University—on behalf of Wang Shuzu, former vice mayor, Tianjin Municipal Government; Stephen Cowper, former governor of Alaska; Tanabe Yasuo, special representative for external relations, Hitachi, Ltd.; Pavel Minakir, academician and president, Economic Research Institute, Far East Branch, Russia Academy of Sciences; and S. Gankhuyag, ambassador and director, Investment Research Center, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. All speakers were grateful for NEAEF’s essential role in working to meet the common aspirations of the countries of Northeast Asia for regional economic development and expressed enthusiasm for another successful conference.
       In the first session, the main theme of the conference “Building a Northeast Asia Economic Community and Its Extended Regions” was discussed. While acknowledging the difficulties created by recent regional disputes and the China-U.S. trade war, Wang Guoping examined new prospects for regional cooperation and benefits from infrastructure development complementary to the Northeast Asia region begun by the Belt and Road Initiative. Sergei Sevastianov then gave a presentation on developments in the Russian Far East that created prospects for increased transportation capabilities through a Northern Sea Route and continued interest in the creation of bilateral and trilateral energy transportation corridors. Following these presentations, an expert committee held an engaging question-and-answer session among themselves and with distinguished members of the audience. Discussions noted that historical and current tensions in the region could be overcome in the same manner as was done in the European Union, the increased interest on the part of North Korea in the Northeast Asia region, and the important role of a NEABCD to promote transportation links in the countries of Northeast Asia.
       The second session focused on “Cross-border Infrastructure and Special Economic Zones in Northeast Asia.” Glyn Ford and Anthony Michell, both with personal experience in North Korea, commented on the state of affairs in the country. North Korea desires to grow its economy, with a future possibility of cooperation with South Korea. Incremental steps will be needed, through negotiations, to establish trust and a path forward for the regional integration of North Korea. International sanctions will continue to be an impediment and Korea’s denuclearization of the peninsula is a process that will take many years.
       Session three addressed the topic of “Financial Cooperation in Northeast Asia.” An international panel of speakers composed of Yutaka Funada, Mead Treadwell, Jai-Min Lee, Fan Xiaoyun, Jae-Hyung Hong, Liu Lanbiao, and Liu Ming presented a number of promising avenues that are emerging in the region, including, for example, Arctic trade routes, developments in the liquid natural gas industry, and infrastructure projects that would be facilitated by cooperation within the region and bring in the support of other actors such as the United States and the European Union. The speakers discussed the continued importance of the NEABCD to facilitate cooperation and economic development amidst the political conflicts. Suggestions for the project included increased multilateral research and planning between the stake holder countries of China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. Additionally, private sector involvement could reduce reliance on public institutions, which would help the Bank operate even in times of political turmoil. These suggestions will help the region work towards the goals of free trade and improving political relations. A concurring opinion was that the Bank could look into current methods employed by the World Bank, such as the “cascade strategy,” which seeks to increase private investment and “crowd-in” businesses by making upstream legislative and policy changes to political and financial frameworks in developing regions.
       The fourth session was dedicated to “Energy and Environment in Northeast Asia.” A dynamic panel of speakers—Rho Hesub, Terry Surles, Iinuma Yoshiki, Sung Eun Kim, and Mike Hightower—presented on energy solutions. such as wind energy, solar energy, and the use of micro grids for increased energy security. These avenues have been made possible through multilateral collaboration, advancements in technology, and the promising economic potential of new energy solutions. Because the environment is a shared resource, panelists stressed the importance of cooperation within the region and with other nations, such as the United States. The example of Jeju Island’s environmental sustainability goals was presented, including its “Carbon Free Island” plan, with the goal of being a 100% renewable energy economy with a 75% use of electric cars on the island by 2030, primarily through the use of wind power, managed as a public resource.
       Panelists also discussed increased accessibility to renewable energy across Northeast Asia, with a special focus on wind energy in China and solar energy in Japan. These changes increase security, safety, resiliency, and sustainability, which panelists concurred was more pressing now than ever due to the increased frequency and severity of natural events due to climate change. Finally, the Energy Session discussed meeting supply and demand in a renewable energy market with the incorporation of micro grids in areas subject to natural disaster to provide restoration of needed services to the impacted community. Our future commitments to renewable energy sources within the Northeast Asia region will help assure not only stronger economies, but also a stronger international community.
       Session five, devoted to tourism cooperation in Northeast Asia, examined a wide range of tourism opportunities in Northeast Asia in presentations by Ray Cho, Khalil Philander, Ikuo Mitsuhashi, Ki-Eun Jung, and Zhu Jipeng. The tourism industry in Northeast Asia is anticipated to surpass many existing industries in the near future and will be a key driver for future economic development. Integrated resorts, a new ferry service, and medical tourism were presented as prospective future tourism developments in the region. Three licenses will be awarded for the construction of integrated resorts in Japan. Integrated resorts will include facilities to let visitors experience traditional, cultural, and artistic aspects of Japan. The ferry service is an opportunity for international tourism in Northeast Asia, linking areas in China, Korea, Russia, and Japan. The development of medical tourism provides surgical, traditional, esthetic, and recuperative procedures at the best facilities, with specialists in the area, during an extended and comfortable stay allowing for exploration of the local culture. The culture and tourism industry already plays an important role in Northeast Asia and will continue to grow in this capacity.
       Northeast Asia is a complex region with its fair share of tensions, but this year’s conference embodied a sense of optimism and possibility for cooperation. With continued dedication, clearly greater functional economic cooperation in our region can be realized. The 2019 Conference demonstrated further progress towards the NEAEF goals of promoting understanding and relations among the peoples of Northeast Asia, North America, and Europe.
       Conclusion
       The Northeast Asia Economic Forum has for three decades engaged in the mission and goal of promoting economic cooperation, peace, and prosperity in Northeast Asia with its linkages to North America and Europe. Northeast Asia, endowed with abundant natural and human resources and complemented by capital and technology, is a complex region with a long history of conflicts and tension, and at the same time, also a region of shared cultural affinity.
       This year’s meeting activities, the Annual Conference and ad hoc financial meeting, embodied a sense of long-term optimism and possibility for cooperation for the future, in spite of the constantly shifting political atmosphere in the region. This project, more broadly, has continued to make important contributions in response to changing international situations through timely and necessary research, conferences, meetings, and consultations on regional economic cooperation and integration in Northeast Asia.
       With continued dedication, we believe that greater functional economic cooperation in our region can be realized. To achieve our ultimate goal of developing a Northeast Asia Economic Community, it is absolutely necessary for NEAEF to sustain its effort and momentum and to continue to strive towards the goal of regional development, peace, and prosperity.
       This volume entitled Toward a Northeast Asian Economic Community: Sustaining the Momentum, is the result of our ongoing activities, namely, the ad hoc finance meeting in Osaka, Japan in 2019 and the NEAEF annual conference in Incheon, Republic of Korea, held with a view to developing an economic community for Northeast Asia, one of the most dynamic regions of the world.
       The contents of this volume provide pertinent references and an important basis for further discussion and consideration by government policymakers and researchers in Northeast Asia. The volume also represents an important step in our continuous efforts toward regional economic cooperation and integration aimed at a Northeast Asian Economic Community.

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  • 모로코의 4차 산업혁명 대응전략과 한국의 협력방안
    Morocco’s Strategy for the 4th Industrial Revolution and Implication for Korea

       The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) refers to the fourth most important industrial era in history since the first industrial revolution that took place in the eighteenth century. The 4IR represents a convergence of..

    Jae Wook Jung et al. Date 2019.12.28

    economic cooperation, industrial policy
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    국문요약 


    제1장 서론
    1. 연구의 배경과 목적
    2. 선행연구 검토
    3. 연구 범위 및 구성


    제2장 4차 산업혁명의 개념과 역사
    1. 4차 산업혁명의 일반적 정의
    2. IT와 OT
    3. 4차 산업혁명의 과거와 미래


    제3장 모로코 경제 동향
    1. 거시경제 동향 및 산업 구조
    2. 주요 경제 현안


    제4장 한국의 4차 산업혁명 대응전략
    1. 주요국의 4차 산업혁명 배경과 정책 현황
    2. 한국의 4차 산업혁명 역사와 정책 현황
    3. 한국의 주요 4차 산업혁명 정책 구조
    4. 4차 산업혁명 관련 과학기술 혁신정책 현황
    5. 기타 이슈


    제5장 결론: 모로코의 4차 산업혁명 대응전략에 대한 제언과 한ㆍ모로코 협력방안


    참고문헌


    Executive Summary

    Summary

       The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) refers to the fourth most important industrial era in history since the first industrial revolution that took place in the eighteenth century. The 4IR represents a convergence of technologies that transcend the boundaries of physical, digital and biological sectors, which are represented by robotics, artificial intelligence, nano-technology, quantum computing, bio-technology, the internet of things, 3D printing, and autonomous vehicles. The introduction of 4IR technologies could be a challenge and opportunity at the same time in terms of trade, labor, and industrial environments, not only for technologically advanced countries, but also for emerging economies which depend on labor-intensive industries, such as electronics, textiles, and clothing.
       Morocco, which has recently established its position as an export base to Europe and been rapidly changing its economic structure, is seeking ways to respond to changes caused by the introduction of 4IR technology. If the introduction of smart factories spreads in Morocco’s main market, Europe, Morocco could lose the comparative advantages it possesses in terms of low production and logistics costs, which are the key foundation allowing Morocco to participate in the regional value chain. On the other hand, new innovative companies based in Morocco in various fields such as finance, construction, agriculture, and energy are developing and distributing so-called “appropriate technology” through the African countries. This situation could be a huge challenge and opportunity for Morocco.
       This phenomenon is common in many manufacturing-based emerging economies, but their strategies are still at the stage of following the lead of advanced countries. In this context, this study aims to derive policy suggestions on the strategy of Morocco as an emerging country for 4IR based on Korea’s policy experiences, and to propose tools for Korea-Morocco economic cooperation and agendas in related fields. Korea is rapidly shifting its economic structure from labor-intensive manufacturing to cutting-edge manufacturing, while actively responding to the 4IR by utilizing world-class information and communication technology (ICT). Korea’s response strategy is regarded as a major reference for emerging countries such as Morocco. This study presents a plan for Korea-Morocco cooperation measures that can derive, promote, and utilize policy suggestions that meet the economic environment and demands of Morocco as well as related policy experiences of Korea and emerging countries in manufacturing industries. In particular, this study was conducted as a part of joint research between KIEP and the Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES) to establish Morocco’s 4IR Strategy, as proposed by IRES to KIEP.
       Morocco is recently showing relatively stable economic growth but still faces economic problems such as high unemployment and worsening inequality. Certain external factors continue to threaten the Moroccan economy, such as unrest in the Maghreb region and the European economic risks. The Moroccan government is supporting new industries and promoting foreign investment and expanding its influence in Africa to solve its economic challenges and pursue further economic growth. The major new industries that Morocco is currently developing under the government’s leadership are the information and communication industry and the renewable energy industry. The Moroccan government has announced mid- and long-term plans for these sectors and increasing infrastructure investment.
       In order to promote foreign investment, Morocco is improving its investment environment through free trade agreements with major countries, including the EU and the United States, and revising related policies, laws, and systems to be more investment-friendly. Tangier, a northern port city in Morocco, has been designated as an economic free zone and offers various benefits to foreign investors. Morocco also re-entered the African Union (AU) in 2017 and is expanding its political and economic influence in Africa by conducting several development cooperation projects and encouraging Moroccan private companies to operate in other African countries. Upon this background, Morocco has displayed much interest in 4IR and how advanced countries are responding to this change. Rather than a natural trend created by ICT development, 4IR should be viewed as a business strategy established by companies and governments in the face of the new challenges and opportunities brought on by technological advances in their economies and businesses. Therefore, all the 4IR strategies in advanced countries devised to cope with these changes reflect the industrial and technological background of each country. Korea also is trying to implement relevant policies well suited for its industry and technology.
       The Korean government is pursuing a new-business opening strategy in line with efforts to secure 4IR technologies at the national level. In 2014, Korea started its 4IR strategies focused on the manufacturing sector to realize the vision of smart factory plans. In 2016, the “Committee for Intelligence Information Society” was launched to expand 4IR preparation from manufacturing to the society level. In 2017, the Committee was upgraded to the Presidential Committee on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (PCFIR). The PCFIR has four major missions: deliberation and coordination of policies proposed by ministries and committees; promotion of 4IR campaigns to encourage citizens’ participation; establishment of the necessary environment for regulation and organizational reform for public- private cooperation; and the development of ecosystems for new industries like smart city and healthcare based on ICT.
       The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Information and Communication are at the center of R&D policies for the development and innovation of 4IR related technology. 4IR is only possible when Operation Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) are developed in balance. In order to develop and innovate OT, an area in which Korea is regarded as relatively weak, the Korean government supports projects for the six so-called root technologies, including casting, mold, heat treatment, surface treatment, plastic processing, and welding technology. However, most of the response policies for 4IR still favored IT than OT.
       On top of that, the smart factory policy has been extended to small and medium enterprises. Most SMEs lack the resources to build smart factories, and they consider smart factoring to be a costly expense, regarding smart factory as a threat rather than an opportunity. In this regard, the Korean government has smart factory guidelines and implements systematic support programs to help SMEs better understand and understand smart factory issues.
       In order to establish 4IR strategies in manufacturing-based emerging countries, including Morocco, the following measures are important and necessary: (1) long-term R&D plans focusing on the OT sector to overcome technological dependence on advanced countries; (2) convergence of efficient IT-OT; (3) fostering engineering service capacities critical for IT-OT convergence; (4) standardization of technology at national and industrial levels; (5) exploration of new markets and business models; (6) strategic approaches to human resource development; and (7) the determination of horizontal and vertical strategic areas in each country to carry out global cooperation.
       Morocco has traditionally adopted a market-opening strategy to participate in global value chains, and is seeking to expand its production capacity by attracting foreign investment. The country is taking a similar approach to 4IR technology as it did with its market-opening strategy, and this trend is expected to be strengthened in the future. However, the role of the public sector to support expansion in the private sector through this opening of the market is yet to be established, nor has a proper cooperation platform between the private and public sectors been formed yet. It will be necessary to build a platform to discuss 4IR strategy at the national level, as Korea’s PCFIR serves to comprehensively forecast and analyze demands, and concentrate on supporting primary sectors.
       In emerging economies like Morocco, governments and entrepreneurs tend to take an IT-centric approach to 4IR. Morocco has already begun to expand its ICT infrastructure by region, but it needs to establish a data-sharing system between OT and IT. Both the hardware infrastructure and software infrastructure related to 4IR remain under-established. Even in Korea, it is necessary to reform the labor market structure by retraining and redeploying current human resources, as well as fostering new human resources with high capacity for new technologies which are able to make appropriate applications in manufacturing processes. To this end, it is necessary to invest early and intensively focus on areas in which Morocco can lead in the future, based on a careful investigation and analysis of the current status and outlook of Morocco by industry and region, as well as general investment in the labor supply structure (e.g. education). From reform of the public education curriculum to vocational training, we can expect to see demand in the areas of cooperation and business by Korea’s edu-tech industry and educational evaluation system. As Morocco’s understanding of new technologies and education levels vary considerably by region, industry, and income, it will be necessary to conduct overall research and survey on the status and demands of the education sector. We also confirmed a need for joint research between Korea and Morocco on the Moroccan education system, and in particular diagnosis and improvement of engineering education in the country.
       There is also a need for technical cooperation between the two countries, especially in the 12 strategic industries specified within Morocco’s Industrial Promotion Plan 2014-2020. As Korea has top-level technologies in many industries such as automobiles and electronics among the 12 strategic industries, it worth considering how to transfer the appropriate level of technology to build Morocco’s production capacity and seek investment of Korean firms in Morocco based on this. This is also important in the sense that Moroccan examples can be used to extend technological cooperation to the Maghreb region as well as to sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to manufacturing, there is a growing demand for bilateral cooperation in agriculture, health care, and renewable energy, which Morocco is concentrating on. As there are many cases where Korean companies have entered the field of official development assistance (ODA) projects in agriculture and health care in Morocco, smart agricultural technology and efficient health care system utilizing big data may support the Morrocan government on these fields. It is necessary to establish a platform to share the Moroccan government’s policy information and to support the entry of Korean companies into the field.
     

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  • 개발협력과 기후변화 대응의 통합적 접근방안: 페루 사례를 중심으로
    Integrating Climate Change into the Implementation of Development Cooperation Policy

       In conjunction to the UN General Assembly held in September 2019, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterrez convened the first UN Climate Action Summit. Recognizing that the international community has so far failed to ad..

    Jione Jung et al. Date 2019.12.28

    economic development, economic cooperation
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    국문요약 


    제1장 서론


    제2장 개발협력과 기후변화 통합적 대응: 논의 경과
    1. OECD 개발원조위원회(DAC)
    2. 다자개발은행 전략과 정책방향


    제3장 개도국 기후변화 취약성과 대응 노력
    1. 페루의 기후변화 취약성
    2. 페루 국가발전전략과 기후변화 대응
    3. 소결


    제4장 주요 공여국의 기후변화 대응전략
    1. 미국
    2. 독일
    3. 스위스
    4. 소결


    제5장 우리나라의 기후변화 대응정책
    1. 주요 정책동향
    2. 페루 지원 현황
    3. 소결


    제6장 결론

    1. 요약
    2. 기후변화와 개발협력의 통합적 접근을 위한 과제


    참고문헌


    부록


    Executive Summary

    Summary

       In conjunction to the UN General Assembly held in September 2019, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterrez convened the first UN Climate Action Summit. Recognizing that the international community has so far failed to adequately combat the causes and consequence of climate change, the Summit was intended to bolster international action on climate change. National leaders, local communities, private enterprises and financial institutions stakeholders attended the Summit, reaching a unanimous agreement to amplify action to respond to and mitigate the impact of climate change. Among some notable pledges were Korea announcing its plan to increase climate finance by two-folds, to USD 200 million, and to host the P4G Summit in 2020, thus demonstrating its willingness to take part in global action.
       As the international community strives to promote climate actions, this study was conducted to explore how we can mainstream or integrate climate change into Korea’s international development cooperation activities. Along with gender equality, Korea embraces climate change as a cross-sectoral challenge and reflects this in its development cooperation activities. However, the OECD DAC 2018 Peer Review suggested that Korea should address the impact of climate change in its development cooperation activities more extensively. In an effort to make such improvement, this study first examines the contemporary discussions regarding climate change and international development. The study analyzes a selection of notable policies, guidelines and tools implemented by major donors, based on the framework provided in the recent peer-learning exercise of the Greening Development Cooperation by the OECD DAC. In order to reflect on the actual implications of such policies, guidelines, and tools, we selected Peru – a climate vulnerable country – as the subject of our case study. We examined how such policies, guidelines, and tools were applied in the field through a review of existing literature and extensive field work. By comparing and contrasting donors including Korea, we seek to present applicable measures and longer-term policy suggestions for Korea to better integrate climate change with development cooperation. The details of the study are as follows.
       Chapter 2 summarizes the discussion between the OECD and the Multilateral Development Bank on integrated response to development cooperation and climate change. First, we reviewed discussions at the OECD DAC, as embodied in its policy guidance “Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Cooperation” published in 2009, and introduced in its new guidelines announced at the end of 2019 under the title of “The only way forward: aligning development co-operation and climate action.” Next, we analyzed the current status of climate change response in the international community using the OECD’s statistics system, and reviewed the major elements required to comprehensively reflect climate change in development cooperation activities, based on lessons gained by the peer-learning study of DAC members announced in 2019 by the ENVIRONET working party to harmonize environment and development concerns. We also examined climate change strategies and tools (safeguards, monitoring and evaluation measures) used at multilateral development banks such as the World Bank, ADB, and IDB, and reviewed private sector-led climate change mainstreaming initiatives and key principles and tools. The purpose of this examination was to identify the progress and direction of international discussions.
       In Chapter 3, we reviewed the vulnerability of climate change in our case study country, Peru, and the current status of policies in the area by the Peruvian government. Peru, with its diverse topography, is vulnerable to climate change impacts. In the northern coastal regions, heavy rains and floods and landslides caused by El Niño and La Niña are frequent. In the southern coastal regions, water shortages and agricultural damage due to changes in precipitation and loss of alpine glaciers are increasing. In alpine areas, landslides, chronic water shortages and abnormally low temperatures are caused by melting alpine ice. Tropical rainforests, meanwhile, are being appropriated for economic activities, reducing their capacity as greenhouse gas sinks and accelerating climate change. In Peru, these climate change impacts hinder sustainable development because they have a particularly harmful effect on the poor and other vulnerable groups, who are dependent on natural resources as they lack the resilient infrastructure for climate phenomena such as housing, bridges, roads and water and sewers. The Peruvian government has a national policy aimed at minimizing the socioeconomic impacts of abnormal climates. Peru's National Development Strategic Plan clearly places climate change and the environment at the center of its main strategies and uses national environmental policy, mid- and long-term environmental action plans, environmental action agendas, and other policy instruments for public environmental management. On the international side, the government submitted an INDC document and a National Report (NC) to the UNFCCC in 2016, detailing its plans to integrate climate change management in national development and expressing its commitment to address environmental and climate change issues. However, the field survey indicated that climate change response has been placed on the back burner compared to other urgent development tasks, not only in development cooperation activities, but also in the implementation of government- wide development policies.
       Considering these characteristics of climate change and the situation in Peru, Chapter 4 analyzes how, and under which background, advanced donors are integrating climate change and development cooperation activities. Upon reviewing the climate change strategies, policies, and climate risk assessment tools in place at major donors to Peru (the United States, Germany, and Switzerland), it was evident that donor countries had developed their own strategies to reflect climate change in development cooperation activities. Climate change had been adopted as a cross-sectoral issue in international development cooperation strategies at the government level. Germany does not have an open climate change strategy or development cooperation strategy, but is consistently leading the way in international climate change negotiations and development cooperation. Donor countries commonly analyze risks and impacts related to climate change in the early stages of the project (excavation and planning) and include them as business elements, using various tools such as risk and impact assessment, safeguards, checklists and databases. During our review of donor countries’ strategies, policies, and tools for cooperative activities with Peru, we were able to see cases where short- and medium-term climate risks were identified in the early planning stages of the project using the tools mentioned above.
       Chapter 5 reviewed relevant policies and their implementation status in Korea and the current state of support for Peru, the only key partner country where climate change response was included in support goals. The 2nd Framework for International Development Cooperation and the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), which were announced in 2016, did not explicitly address climate change, but since then, we can confirm efforts to understand climate change from a more integrated perspective, made visible in the climate change strategies formulated at executing institutions, evaluations of mainstreaming efforts in climate change conducted by the Committee for International Development Cooperation, and comprehensive execution plans announced recently. Meanwhile, in the case of Peru, our case study target, while response to climate change is set as the main support goal, there are few projects directly or indirectly related to climate change, and no comprehensive considerations are being made for the mid- to long-term impacts of climate change, diminishing the visibility of implementation achievements. In addition, environmental screening tools are the only tools used to identify climate risks in advance, suggesting that there is a lack of mechanisms for identifying potential climate risks, when compared to the case of advanced donor countries reviewed in Chapter 4.
       Based on the above analysis, Chapter 6 summarizes the main findings, suggests an integrated approach to climate change and development cooperation, and presents future tasks. The analysis of donor countries confirmed that donors are supporting recipient countries through systematic tools based on action taken at the government level to respond to climate change. At the same time, since developing countries have a relatively low development priority in responding to climate change despite their high climate vulnerability, the role of the donor country becomes more important. Thus we propose to reflect these facts in the 3rd Basic Framework for International Development Cooperation and National Cooperation Strategies as a measure that could reinforce Korea’s policy will to participate in the response to climate change, a global challenge. We also suggest an integrated consideration of climate change in individual projects and in the monitoring and evaluation process. In addition, it will be essential to strengthen awareness in recipient countries to allow them to respond effectively and efficiently to climate change impeding their sustainable development.
       As we can see from the recent controversies over particulate air pollution and climate refugee issues, climate change is a global problem that transcends national borders and is a challenge that calls for a joint response from the international community. In particular, damages from climate change are more severe in developing countries, and in some cases have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, an integrated approach to responding to climate change is needed in all development cooperation activities. This study further identifies tasks necessary to realize such an integrated approach to climate change and development cooperation ‒ namely, the promotion of policy will, development of policy tools to integrate climate change agenda, and support measures to raise awareness in recipient countries. More specifically, these efforts would include the integration of climate change response measures into Korea’s development cooperation policies to improve the policy agenda, an evaluation system to monitor climate risks at the level of individual activities to allow an integrated consideration of climate change, and activities to develop and promote the use of various policy tools such as checklists and safeguards. By taking account of climate change in all development co-operation activities using these policy tools, it will be possible to elevate the relatively low priority of climate change activities and raise awareness in recipient countries.

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  • 러시아의 ‘디지털 경제’정책과 한ㆍ러 협력방안
    Russia’s Digital Economy Policy and Korea-Russia Cooperation Measures

       The trend of digitalization continues to gain pace throughout the world. The Russian government also considers the “digital economy” a key national task and has announced detailed implementation plans. In this conte..

    Joungho Park et al. Date 2019.12.27

    economic relations, economic cooperation
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    국문요약 


    제1장 서론 

    1. 디지털 전환과 러시아 
    2. 러시아의 디지털 경쟁력 평가


    제2장 러시아의 디지털화 정책 역사  

    1. 러시아의 디지털 경쟁력에 대한 자신감과 역사적 경험 
    2. 과거의 경험과 역사에 토대를 둔 러시아의 디지털 전환 정책
    3. 소련의 디지털 정책 
    가. 컴퓨터의 개발과 도입 
    나. 자동제어시스템 
    4. 러시아의 디지털 정책 


    제3장 러시아의 디지털 경제 현황 

    1. 러시아의 디지털 경제 생태계와 발전 수준  
    2. 국영 및 국내 기업이 강세인 IT 플랫폼 및 기술 기업들
    3. 러시아 엘리트 그룹 간 디지털 영역 주도권 경쟁  


    제4장 러시아의 디지털화 관련 주요 국가 프로그램 및 정책 

    1. ‘국가기술이니셔티브(NTI: National Technology Initiative) 2035’ 
    2. ‘디지털 경제’ 및 ‘디지털 경제 프로그램 실현 관리시스템’  
    가. 러시아의 ‘디지털 경제’발전 방향 
    나. 디지털 경제발전 관리 
    3. 러시아의 디지털 생태계 발전과 국내 기업들의 대응
    4. 러시아의 디지털화로 야기될 수 있는 사회경제적 문제들 
    가. 실업률 증가 
    나. 교육시스템의 디지털화 정체
    다. 기술적 의존에 따른 국가주권 침해
    라. 디지털 세계화의 영향 
    마. 낮은 수준의 정보보안에 따른 사생활 침해 
    5. 러시아의 디지털화에 대한 SWOT 분석  


    제5장 러시아의 디지털 전환과 국제협력
    1. 러시아와 중국 협력 
    가. 디지털 시대 러시아와 중국의 협력 현황 및 전망 
    나. 러시아와 중국 간 과학기술 협력의 역사 및 제도적 기반 
    다.러시아와 중국의 협력에서 기존의 통계와 새로운 흐름들  
    라. 러시아와 중국 간 산업 및 기술 분야에서의 투자와 협력 
    마. 디지털 실크로드에서 중ㆍ러 협력의 중점 과제 
    2. 러시아와 이탈리아 협력  
    가. 디지털 시대 러시아와 이탈리아의 경제협력 전망 
    나. 냉전기 러시아와 이탈리아의 경제ㆍ산업 관계: 전략적 선택과 상호의존 협력
    다. 소련 붕괴 이후 러시아와 이탈리아의 신협력전략  
    라. 러시아 이탈리아의 디지털 협력 전망
     
    제6장 한ㆍ러 디지털 협력 방향과 전망


    참고문헌 


    Executive Summary

    Summary

       The trend of digitalization continues to gain pace throughout the world. The Russian government also considers the “digital economy” a key national task and has announced detailed implementation plans. In this context, the National Technology Initiative (NTI) was adopted in April 2016 and Technet Roadmap 2035 set up in February 2017.
       Digital transformation is important for Russia as it aims to fundamentally reform its economic structure and raise industrial competitiveness. However, the current sanctions against Russia have acted as barriers to technological cooperation with the West. 
       Meanwhile, the development of 4th industries is one of the major pillars on which Korea has established its new economic development policy. The government has actively pursued international cooperation in these fields. Against this backdrop, cooperation in the digital economy between Korea and Russia is both feasible and likely to contribute to sustainable relations.
       Both Korea and Russia seek to develop digital infrastructure, conduct joint research, establish startups and jointly enter third markets. Detailed joint policies and programs must be prepared on both sides to complete this digital transformation and produce successful bilateral cooperation in the digital sector. Technological cooperation could be possible in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain technology, 5G infrastructure, big data, cyber security, etc. Cooperation will also be necessary in the new markets created by 4th industrial technologies.
       The lessons learned from China’s and Italy’s cooperation with Russia indicate that national policy and mechanisms for bilateral cooperation are necessary. Therefore, we suggest the conclusion of a “joint digital economic initiative” between Korea and Russia, based on which a roadmap can be formulated. As leaders on both sides have agreed on cooperation in the 4th industries, it is now time to design more specific cooperation projects and establish relevant institutions.

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  • Inclusive Growth and Structural Reforms in APEC Member Economies
    Inclusive Growth and Structural Reforms in APEC Member Economies

    This paper empirically analyses the simultaneous impacts of structural re-forms - trade liberalization, capital account liberalization, and financial liberal-ization - on inclusive growth using panel data for 17 APEC member econ-o..

    Moonsung Kang and Geunhyo Kim Date 2019.12.20

    APEC, economic reform
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    Content

    Executive Summary


    I. Introduction


    II. Income Inequality and Inclusive Growth
    2.1. Income Inequality of APEC Members
    2.2. Literature Review on Inclusive Growth


    III. Developments in Structural Reforms in APEC
    3.1. Trade Liberalization
    3.2. Financial Liberalization


    IV. Empirical Analysis
    4.1. Model
    4.2. Data
    4.3. Results


    V. Conclusion and Policy Implications


    References

    Summary

    This paper empirically analyses the simultaneous impacts of structural re-forms - trade liberalization, capital account liberalization, and financial liberal-ization - on inclusive growth using panel data for 17 APEC member econ-omies covering years from 1970 to 2016. The results show that capital ac-count liberalization and growth of market capitalization are positively associ-ated with inclusive growth of APEC member economies, especially non-high-income member economies. Trade liberalization has a negative impact on inclusive growth only of the whole income group. We further find the robust evidence that the expansion of domestic credits provided by financial sectors had a negative impact on inclusive growth. These results give implica-tions that governments of APEC member economies need to design trade policies in a way of expanding outcomes of trade liberalization in a more inclusive way and of increasing extensive margins of export sectors. In addi-tion, they need to design policies to increase access to the financial sector for the poor and socially marginalized people.
     

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