This study attempted an in-depth analysis of the changing world order under Trump’s second term and Russia’s strategy for a multipolar world. In particular, the research focused on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which has recently emerged as a leading multilateral organization in Eurasia. In other words, the study examines Russia’s strategy for utilizing the SCO as a key policy instrument to advance its global strategy for a multipolar world under Putin’s fifth term, adopting a multifaceted analytical perspective. Chapter 2 provides an in-depth examination of the changing world order under Trump’s second term and the international relations of major powers. To this end, the study examined the key aspects and characteristics of these changes, as well as the structure and nature of major power relations among the United States, China, and Russia. At the same time, it examined how the improvement and development of China-Russia relations were specifically realized through the SCO.

The international order is currently undergoing a major transformation. This transformation was essentially triggered by the inauguration of Trump’s second term and the shift in the United States’ foreign policy. In particular, the diplomatic and security, economic and trade environments are rapidly changing at global level. Above all, due to the Trump administration’s pursuit of an “America First” foreign policy, the world is now facing a completely unfamiliar new world order. In the familiar world of post-Cold War “globalization,” the United States, as a global leader, has played a leading role in protecting human rights and liberal democratic values, opening markets, countering aggressive authoritarian forces, and ensuring global security.

Amidst the new structure and dynamics of the US-China-Russia trilateral relationship, including the ongoing and intensifying US-China hegemonic competition, the possibility of resuming US-Russia dialogue and normalizing bilateral relations, and the strengthening of strategic ties between China and Russia, this study provides a more objective and comprehensive understanding of Russia’s vision and implementation of a multipolar world order, including its pursuit of strategic relationships with the Global South, BRICS, and the US and China.

Chapter 3 systematically examines the key contents and characteristics of the SCO’s inception and development. It also examines key directions of cooperation and key tasks following the recent expansion of the SCO. Furthermore, we assessed the SCO’s international standing and developmental potential within the international community, while comprehensively examining its development prospects.

The SCO, led by China and Russia, has recently seen its international standing and role significantly increase. With the continued expansion of SCO membership, the scope and role of cooperation are expanding. Since its launch, the SCO has undergone continuous development, evolving beyond a simple regional security cooperation organization into an integrated platform encompassing security, politics, and economics representing the global and Eurasian region. Notably, the 2025 Tianjin SCO Summit produced tangible results for the organization’s development. The summit laid a systematic institutional foundation for military and economic security (including the establishment of four new security centers and the SCO Development Bank), while also further expanding its international standing (including the expansion of member and partner countries) and role. In this respect, it can be assessed as opening a promising path toward expanding Eurasian multilateral cooperation and global multipolarity.

Chapter 4 examines Russia’s strategy for a multipolar world during the Putin era. First, we traced the theoretical origins and development of Russia’s multipolar world strategy, identifying its key features. Simultaneously, we examined the goals, direction, and challenges of Russia’s SCO utilization strategy, aimed at building a multipolar world under Putin’s fifth term from a political and diplomatic perspective. Furthermore, we examined the economic and trade relations between Russia and key SCO member states since the outbreak of the war.

The Russian leadership has outlined strategic goals for establishing a multipolar world order. In summary, first, as a countermeasure to the West’s all-out anti-Russian pressure campaign and strategic containment policy, Russia seeks to strongly check the expanding influence of the West, including the United States and NATO. To this end, Russia seeks to strategically utilize regional multilateral cooperation structures like the SCO to exert its unique influence on Eurasia and consolidate its sphere of influence. Second, Russia is working to expand its support and friendship with Russia in the global arena. Russia prioritizes enhancing cooperation with countries in the Global South, citing the greater cause of solidarity with the “World Majority,” in addition to its existing core partners such as China and India. Russia is striving to expand strategic cooperation with major regional powers such as India, Brazil, Turkey, and Iran, in addition to its strategic and comprehensive partnership with China. Third, economically, Russia seeks to overcome international isolation and circumvent Western sanctions against Russia. To this end, Russia’s primary goal is to further strengthen cooperation with countries in the Global South, including Africa and Latin America, on economic security issues such as energy and food. Furthermore, Russia is seeking to establish alternative economic systems, such as the yuan or local currencies, in trade settlements.

Chapter 5 presents policy implications and recommendations based on an objective of understanding the current situation, essential for formulating a new Eurasian and Northern strategy. This is because it is a crucial issue that is closely related to the following issues: diversifying economic security, such as securing energy and mineral resource supply lines; seeking ways to improve relations with Russia in terms of strategic management of countries surrounding the Korean Peninsula; establishing a plan to strengthen access to Central Asia with the goal of expanding the Eurasian multilateral cooperation network; expanding external support for the Korean Peninsula peace process (securing friendly forces on the North Korean issue using multilateral organizations); and establishing the external position and strengthening the capabilities of a leading middle power through multilateral and pragmatic diplomacy.

국문요약

제1장 서론
1. 연구의 배경과 필요성
2. 연구의 내용과 방법
3. 선행연구와의 차별성

제2장 트럼프 2기 국제질서 변동과 미·중·러 3각 관계
1. 트럼프의 강대국 권력정치와 ‘역닉슨 전략’
2. 다극 질서와 신형 국제관계의 접점, 상하이협력기구(SCO)
3. 중·러의 공동전선과 ‘반닉슨 전략’

제3장 상하이협력기구의 역사적 변천 과정과 발전 전망
1. SCO 창설 배경과 발전과정의 주요 특징
2. SCO 확장의 전략적 함의와 국제적 위상
3. SCO의 전략적 협력 방향과 정책 과제

제4장 푸틴 5기 러시아의 다극화 세계전략과 상하이협력기구
1. 러시아의 다극화 세계전략의 추진 배경과 발전과정
2. 러시아의 SCO 활용 전략: 외교안보적 측면
3. 러시아의 SCO 활용 전략: 경제통상적 측면

제5장 결론
1. 정책 시사점
2. 정책 제언

참고문헌

Executive Summary